Mōʻaukala o ka la o Petero a me Paul hūlili ma St. Petersburg

Pohihihi keia malihini i ke kulanakauhale ma ka Neva i kipa i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka History o St. Petersburg ma ka la o Petero a me Paul hūlili. Aia māpala bastions froze moʻolelo o ka hanau ana o ko Rusia ka'ākau kapikala, i ka piko o ka a, ma ke kumumanao Petra Velikogo, ua ka Susana, nô kêia ikaika a me ka impregnability o ka mana i hanaʻia e ia.

Susana, - ka brainchild o Peter I

Mōʻaukala o ka la o Petero a me Paul hūlili ua inextricably ua hoʻopili i ka War Northern, a Rusia a me Kuekene e noho ana i loko o ka wā o 1700-1721. E like me ka hopena, i ka helu o ka holomua koa ana i ka 1703 e hoʻokele i recapture i ka aina Neva, a no kā lākou palekana koi 'ike loea pā i kukulu ia ma na rula a pau o ka puʻukaua' epekema o ia mau makahiki. Kona kūkulu mea a pau i ka nui e pono i ka mea kahiko pā Nienschanz, Aia ma luna o ka confluence o ka Okhta a me Neva muliwai, noʻonoʻo insufficiently ike loea.

Mai palapala extant ua ike i ka paena no ka mea hou pāpū kino koho Petero I. No keia hopena, May 8, 1703, alaila hookolokolo aku la na kapakai o ka Neva me Aleksandrom Danilovichem Menshikovym a me ka Palani lunaʻenehana Joseph Gaspar Lambert de Ka Guerin. Koho Moi, hina iho la ma ka 'Olu a moku, Aia ma ka widest loa o ka waha o ka Neva, a ua kupono Ana e - 750 mika ma ka lōʻihi, a ma kahi o 360 ka m me ka laula.

I ka moolelo o ka pā hoʻomaka 16 (27) May 1703, i ka lā i ka wa a ka mea i i ka lepe puke. I loko nō o ka mea i i kūkuluʻia ai ka hale kākela,ʻaʻole wale nō ma luna o ka Initiative o Peter I, akā, no hoi no kona papahana hana me Kāʻeokūlani, me Lambert de Ka Guerin, ka Auguseto ia ia iho ma o kēia hanana ua i ike. E like me ka chronicle o kēlā mau makahiki,ʻo ia i loko o ka Olonets shipyard, aia ma ka hikina kahakai o Lake Ladoga, a hoʻomaka i ka hana ma ka hare hoi Island alakai A. D. Menshikov.

Kēia o ka lā, i ka wa o Petero a me Paulo hūlili, manaoia e ia i ka lā hānau o St. Petersburg, ua hookumuia ia, akā, mau ike i ka palapala o kona kūkulu hahai hoʻokahi wale nō koa mau hana, a me ka honua i ka hou kapikala o ka moku'āina a puni ka mea, ua i manao ia. Wale nō ma hope i hana ai i nā hanana elua i pili i kekahi i kekahi, no laila, ua Pushkin ka "malaila e ia i kekahi kūlanakauhale waiho 'hele mai i ka Emperor ka poo i kona wahi hope ma mua o ka hoʻomaka o ka honua nei o ka ikaika paʻa i bastions.

Ke kukulu o ka ipu lepo pā

I hiki ke ike mai i ka mōʻaukala o ke kūkulu o ka pā, ka mea, ua mua he laau-honua, akā, manaʻo huhū i kēia, e nui i ka manawa puʻukaua, oia no 6 bastions, kela mea keia mea o ka i mea he mana elima-kapakahi puʻukaua kukulu ma na kihi o ka pā kaua paia.

Mua hui ia me ka pa (pale pa) i kūkuluʻia 2 Ravelin - bulk no? Ieoaeunoaa. Ko lakou manao i ke uhi-i nā pā pōhaku, mai mea kaua i ke ahi a me kaʻenemi pilikia ino. Ua Ua kūkulu like Kronverk - mawaho kākoʻo hoʻoikaika 'ana i papahana like e hou hoomalu i ka pakaua, a me ka hana i ka bridgehead i loko o ka hihia o ka loan.

Ua kukulu ia iho la o Petero a me Paul hūlili lima o Lūkini koa a me ka poe pio Swedes. Eia hou, ke alii manao paa o kēlā me kēia'āina e hoouna ae i kekahi helu serf. Kaumaha hana kumu i loko o ka anu a me ka pulu ka aniau, ka Baltic i ke kumu i haneri o Anonymous hana hale i haalele loa haʻalele, e moe ana i loko o ko lākou mau lua kupapaʻu, a uhi ihola i ka weuweu kahakai o ka Neva. Ka mea, Ua UAIAaIN e hou batches Hōʻea hana kanaka, ma luna o nā iwi o i ulu ka pakaua paia, a ku ae la ia mai ka pouli nahele o ke kapikala o ke aupuni a pau loa.

Papa kiʻekiʻe? Ieoaeunoai papa lunakiaʻi

palapala Archival pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka la o Petero a me Paul hūlili ma St. Petersburg, paipai i ka hana o kona bastions kino kākoʻo i ka Auguseto, a me elima o kona hea ka hoa hana, nona ka inoa ka mea, ma hope i kapaia. No laila, e ua ola makou mahope o ka notation Troubetzkoy bastion Moi, Menshikov, Naryshkin, Zotov a me Golovkin.

Koke aku au e hōʻike i ka Petero au i wale kekahi i loko o ka Moi ka bastion uku pila, a me nā mea a pau mahope hana nui o ke kāpiliʻia kāna keiki - Tsarevich Aleksey a me A. D. Menshikov. Muli o kona kulana kupaianaha o ka mea ia i nā papa lunakiaʻi, ma muli naʻe o Lūkini neia ole wale i iʻaʻa e dala i loko ma luna o ka mea hāʻawi iā ia, akā, i loko o na hihia, lakou uhi hana ana dala.

Chronicle o hou Aey? Acaeoey

I ka moolelo o ka pakaua ua höʻike läkou ma ka helu o nā aohe ahailono, i ka wa kona mea i manao ai. Kekahi o ia mau mea i hele mai i ka malamalama, a hiki mua October 1st, 1703 i ka hana ma o ka hana ana o na ipu pakaua i pau. E like me ka hopena o ka loa caiieiaiey i mai ai ma luna o 30 August, i ka wai, e ala ana i ka 2.5 mika, ua piha oia i ka 'Olu a Island, a holoi iho la i kekahi mau makaukau-i hale. Kēia hana 'hookahi hou hoao iho la ia i ka pono no ka hana ana o ka pōhaku Susana.

I ke kauwela o 1703, aia ua kekahi nui kekahi hanana, i meaʻoiaʻiʻo i ka ike a pau i kipa i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka History o St. Petersburg ma ka la o Petero a me Paul hūlili ma June 29 (July 12) ma luna o kona ?? eoi? Ua i ka pāpāiʻawa kau ana o ka la o Petero a me Paul Hale Pule Nui - laila, no ka uuku laau ekalesia. Ua haawi mai la i ka inoa o ka Susana kukulu ia, a ma hope i ke kūlanakauhale i kapaʻia ma ka Hōlani kaila - "St. Peter-Burj". Ke'ī mai, i ka lā o June 29th hiki ke noonoo inoa-lā kulanakauhale ma ka Neva.

I ka makahiki hookahi nei, ua hoi John ka Bridge, e kuhikuhi ana 'Olu a Island me kaʻaoʻao Petrograd, ʻoiai i loko o ia mau lā ka mea, ua i ka manao o kekahi mau hui pu rafts. Ma o ka haule ana i kokoke piha hanaʻeliʻana mau pua hoʻouka kekahi hana. O lakou i ka hao a me ke keleawe pu me pio pio mai Kuekene a me ka wahi lulu ka hoike ana i armourers Novgorod. I ka Ia manawa ka Auguseto, a hoonoho i ka commandant mua o ka pā kaua. Keia hanohano i waihoia mai i kekahi o kona mau hea ka hoa - ka'Ōlelo'Esetonia alii, Colonel Karl-Ewald av Rennes.

Omaka naʻau pā māpala

I ka 1705, hoomaka ae la i ka hou ke kahua i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka pā kaua. Once kūkuluʻia nā puʻu kaua, a pela ka manawa e noonoo i ka hiki hoouka o ka Swedes, Peter au manao e restructure ia i loko o ka pōhaku. Ke kaha kiʻiʻana o ka hou Susana, a me ka hooponopono ana o na hana waiho i ka Italia Hawaiian me Kinohi - he poʻokela kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone a me ka lunaʻenehana o kona manawa Domenico Andrea Trezzini.

E hoʻokō i ka kumumanao hāpai o nā panning āpana hare hoi Island i lawe mai, kūpono ai i loko o kona laula, a mahuahua nui ma ka 30 m. Ka hana ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ka hoʻomaka o Mei 1706, a ua hoʻomaka' ia me ka kūkuluʻana Menshikov bastion, e like me ia ma ka hihia o ke kaʻa,ʻo ia ke huli mai e ia i ka loa kūlana. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ke kūkulu o na laau kahiko i ua razed, a hele aku la lakou ma ka honua podsypku moku.

Lepo, e like me ka hou papahana, wale crownwork koe - i ka'ōnaehana o ka pakaua, ma ka olelo o ia ho i ka pāpale aliʻi ( "leialii" - he pāpale aliʻi, "Werk" - pā) aia ma ka akau loa o ka mokupuni a me ka ua papahana e hoʻopale ai i ku i ka hiki hoouka ma ka aina. Mai ka mea, hele mai la i ka inoa Kronverskogo pele hookaawale ana 'Olu a Island, mai ka Petrograd Side.

I ka pakaua, i nō i ole ike Russian

I ka 1708, ma ka māpala ua kahikoia no Menshikov a me Golovkin bastions, e like me ka mea e pili pale (pa) a me ka pauka Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke. I ka Ia manawa i ka hana o na Barracks, a o Petero i ka puka pā, kūkulu, e like me ke kauoha o ka mō'ī, ma o ka ho o ka Narva.

About mea, pehea ikaika ka mea, ua ka Susana, i kūkuluʻia ma ka hare hoi Island, e like me ka palapala a hooku iho la ia ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka moolelo o ka pā kaua. Pokole outlining ka maʻiʻo, ua wale e hoailona oukou ia no Rusia ua loa hou i kēia 'ano o ka puʻukaua.

Lawa ia i ka olelo ana o ka mānoanoa o ka pā pa i 20 mau mika a me ke kiekie o 12 m. I mea e hooikaika ai i ko lakou mau kumu i loko o ka lepo i ua eo 40 tausani. Paila. Kēlā me kēia bastion noho firepower, nā mea hoʻomākaukau i kahi o 60 pu. Na Curtin - i ka pā ma waena o nā bastions, hoonoho iho la ka poe koa Barracks, a casemates malama lāʻau kūpeʻe o ka pauka.

I ole, ua hoʻopoina a me ka laina malu o ka 'ōlelo a me ka mea o waho honua. Ma 'ana, ma lalo o ka pā haleʻeli tunnels i ke awa pae ma waho o ka pakaua, a ma kona papohaku i kukulu, ka ai-kapaia Paterna - he wahi papahana no ka mea koke helehelena o nā koa ma hope oʻenemi laina. i waiho nā nā mea hōʻike aku ia i kekahi papa o nā pōhaku lepo, ike wale i hilinaʻi luna.

I ka pā, i lilo i ka 'ōlelo o ke kulanakauhale

Lanakila ma luna o ka Swedes i loko o nā makahiki 1709-1710, i lawe mai ai i kaʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka moolelo o ka pā kaua. Mai ia manawa, ua mau loa nalowale kona koa manaʻo nui, a me ka pu lele aku ma luna o kona ramparts, nākolokolo wale nō i loko o nā lā o ka kūhelu hang. Puni i ka pā me ka halawai rapidity i hoomaka ai e ulu i ke kulanakauhale i loaa mai i ke kūlana o ka hou kapikala o ka Russian aupuni a pau, a me ka inoa o St. Petersburg i ka hanohano o kona hoa haipule St. Petero ka lunaolelo.

E like ma mua o ka pau 'ana hope loa o ka Northern Kaua ma hare hoi Island hoʻomaka ke Senate, a ua hoʻokūpaʻa koke i ka papa kuhikuhiE kālai'āina halepaahao o Rusia. Ua like no ka mōʻaukala o ka Tower, a me ka pā kaua. Ke Susana, kūkuluʻia ma luna o nā kapa o ke Thames, i kauoha aku e malama aku ai, a me ka wahi paa, a me ka hoʻomalu kikowaena a me ka hale paʻahao, a me ka hope o ka iau.

He 'ike ia i ka mua pio o ka "Russian Bastille" - i ka inoa i haawiia i ka mea i loko o ka papa, i ke keiki a kona mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā - Tsarevich Aleksey, make (pepehi paha malū) i loko o ka hopena o ka 25 June 1718. Kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Trezzini kūkulu ma luna o ka mokuna o ka hou na halepaahao a me ka kūikawā hale, a neo? Aaiiai? I ka Ho 'Chancellery. He hoʻi ma waena o Ua kūkuluʻia ka Naryshkin a me Trubetskoy bastion a me ka mea mua o ka mineta, kūlana 'he koʻikoʻi wahi i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini dala. Aku la o Petero a me Paul hūlili, eia hoi, ua lilo ia i wahi kahi malihini i ka mineta ole wale, akā, i ka moku'āina Ka hoʻolilo 'ia.

I ka 1731 Naryshkin bastion i kau i ka Flag Tower, ma kela la, ua hoala hou i ka Lūkini hae, a me nā makahiki ma hope pau i ka hana o ka pōhaku o Petero a me Paul Hale Pule Nui, a ua lilo ma manawa o ka ilina o ka Lūkini mō'ī. Like ka mea'ē aʻe hale o ka pā, ka mea i kūkuluʻia ma lalo o ka papahana, a ma lalo o nā limahana o Domenico Trezzini. I ka 30 o na makahiki i lilo i ka moolelo e paka i ka hoailona ma ke awakea pana me Naryshkin bastion o ka mea e hele ana i loko o mākou manawa.

Kona iau waiwai a me Paul hūlili loaa i ka 1766, ka wā kona palena i kūkulu hale aku ia hale aku ia i loko o ka moku o Peter I, ka mea i lilo i ka Auguseto ma hope o ka make ana o kekahi o na kea laa, o Lūkini mōʻaukala. Eia hoi, e like me ka hōʻuluʻulu pā aponoia ma ka hopena o na 80s, i ka wa ia i hoalaala ia me ka māpala, a kukulu iho la i ka Marina, a ua pau Commandant Narva puka.

Pio "Russian Bastille"

Ma Russian mōʻaukala o Petero a me Paul hūlili ma St. Petersburg, hele maiʻano nui me ka hale paʻahao kālai'āina. Ua Ua oleloia ma luna o ia mea, ua ka mua paahao o Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. A laila,ʻo kona hopena kaʻana 'ia e na mea he nui o ka poe i hele mai i loko o kue i ka na? Eia.

E hoʻomanaʻo i nā ramparts kaulana o ka pakaua Princess Tarakanov, posed like me ka hope a hiki i ka noho aliʻi, kākau moʻolelo Radishchev a me ka Decembrists na ma Alexeyev Ravelin. I kā lākou mau pā kipa Petrashevzy, ka People a me Nechayev, alai ae ma kona karaima alihi kaua. Ma ka: wahi a? Ainii? O ka pakaua lohe anuu N. G. Chernyshevskogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, M. A. Bakunina, a me na mea he nui koʻikoʻi nō nā huahelu o ke au.

Iloko o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana o 1917, me ka poe koa kākoʻo i ka Bolsheviks, mea i loko o ka Soviet au i poina i ka hōʻike a hiki ma ka pōkole mōʻaukala o ka pā kaua. Ua haʻi lākou i ia i ka hoʻopio o ka Winter Palace, a me kona pa i i hakahaka pana pua aku makou, a ma hope o kona paʻa pio casemates i lawehana o ke Aupuni Kūikawā.

hoomanao emi makemake i Soviet moʻolelo i ke kūlana i ka pāpū hoʻokani i loko o ka Cheka halepaahao'ōnaehana, kahi ana i hele koke aku ma hope o ka Bolsheviks hele mai i ka mana. Ua uaʻike ia i ka 1919, ma kona mokuna i pana 4 nui ka luna o ka Romanov Dmitry K., Georgy, Nikolay a me Paulo Aleksandrovich.

No ka mea darkest mokuna ma ka mōʻaukala o ka pā kaua,ʻo ia ka wā o ka Red makaʻu, a haule iho la ia ma luna o ka piko o 1917-1921. Mass hooko i lawe mai ana i ka pā paia mai Kronverksky pilikia. I ka 2009, ma laila nō ka i koe iho o nā haneri o kanaka, ka poe i i mōhai misanthropic? Eia no na makahiki hoʻokumu i loko o ka'āina i loaʻa.

Ka hopena o ka hale kākela i loko o ka Soviet au

I ka makahiki 1925, i ka mōʻaukala o ka pā i aneaneʻoki pōkole ma hope o ka Leningrad Council alii iho la oia ma kona wehewehe'iako (ka make), a me ka pili ana ma ka hare hoi Island Kahua Pâʻani '. Akā, mea pōmaikaʻi, keia barbarism i ole destined e hiki mai, a ua hanaia ka Hale ma ka ?? eoi? O ka pā kaua. No hoi noteworthy o ka mea i loko o ka wā 1925-1933 GG. i loko o kekahi o kona hale neo? aaiiai? ka mua Russian Ke Kinoeaʻano keʻena hoʻokolohua, kona kookoo ua hoʻomaka wahi lulu rocket. Ma kona wahi i ka 1973 wehe aʻela ia i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka rocketry a me astronautics, nō i koe i keia la.

Iloko o ka Nui Patriotic War, i ka pā kaua o ke aupuni 'Anati-mokulele o na pu ki, e paku ana i ka lani o Leningrad mai kaʻenemi mokulele, a me ka spire o Petero a me Paul Hale Pule Nui i uhi ia me ka camouflage upena. I loko nō o ka mau shelling a me ka bombing, i wa i hooleiiaʻi mawaho a hiki i ke kulanakauhale, ku i ka Hale Pule Nui ua ole, akā, loaa 'inoʻino loa pā.

I ka 1975, e hoailona i ka 150th lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka uprising ma Senate Square ma St. Petersburg, ma Kronwerk ke kahi elima o ka Decembrists, hoʻouka kekahi i ka mea hoʻomanaʻo obelisk ma a pink kinikini i hana ma July 25, 1826 po. Ma ka mea, ua i nā inoa, hehi iho A. Pestel Kahovsky P., K. Ryleeva, S. Muraviev-Apostol a me M. Bestuzhev-Rumin.

I ka moʻolelo i ole e pau

I kēia mau lā ma luna o ka mokuna o ka manawa hookahi formidable Susana, kukulu iho la State Museum o History o St. Petersburg, "o Petero a me Paul hūlili." Like i loko o nā lā kahiko, nā lā i ke awakea me Naryshkin bastion neaiae ua lohe pū kani ahi pana, e ua pinepine hoʻolako i nā mea koʻikoʻi malihini o ke kulanakauhale. I ka makahiki 1991, ua he kiʻi o Peter I, i Lūkini-American sculptor M. Hawaii pakaua Shemyakin, a ma ke kia-perestroika manawa i pili kahakai hoomaka ae la e hoonohonoho na lealea hanana. Ma ka XXI kenekulia, loaʻa he hou ke ola o St. Petersburg Petero a me Paul hūlili. History, ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o kēia 'atikala, oia ke launa mai kona hoomau.