Nā waiwai o ka aaiaoe kivila a me kona huina DNA kahua

Ma lalo o ka aaiaoe kivila ia olelo maopopo like me ka ano o na hoailona e hoike ana i ka wahi o sequential nucleotides ma ka hui DNKa RNKa, a i hoʻopili like ai i kaʻokoʻa hōʻailona'ōnaehana i SafeSearch i ke kaʻina o ka'aminoʻakika i huiʻia ma ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma.

He mea nui kēia!

I ka wa i hiki ke noiʻi i nā waiwai o ka aaiaoe kivila i nā kānakaʻepekema, kekahi o na kumu nui versatility i ua 'ike. Ae, e like me ka na me ka mea kani, a pau e noho ana meaola hui ma ka hookahi, paʻa, he pono ole aaiaoe kuhi. Ua Ua hana ma o ka lōʻihi manawa au, a ua pau ma kahi o 3.5 ieeeea makahiki aku nei i ke kaʻina. Nolaila, i loko o ka 'ole o ke kivila hiki ke Hahai I ko läkou' kona evolution, mai kona inception a hiki i ka keia lā.

I ko mākou kamailio e pili ana i ke kaʻina o nā kumu i loko o ka aaiaoe kivila, me ka manao ana ia mea,ʻaʻole chaotic, akā, i ka pololei hoakaka kauoha. A me keia mea i pili kēia e hoʻoholo i ka waiwai o ka aaiaoe kivila. Kēia mea like me ka wahi o nā palapala a me nā syllables ma ka hua'ōlelo. Ka mea, e uhai iho i ka mau mea, a me ka hapanui o ka mea a mākou heluhelu i ka buke a me ka nūpepa 'aoʻao huli i loko o ridiculous gibberish.

Ke kumu waiwai o ka aaiaoe kivila

Nō kāu, ke kuhi hāpai i loko ona iho i kekahi 'ike encoded ma ke kupaianaha alanui. I mea e decode i ka 'ike o ka aaiaoe kivila, ia mea e pono ke ike i ka kiʻiona hiʻona.

No laila, i ka walaʻauʻana waiwai o ka aaiaoe kivila - nei:

• triplet;
• redundancy paha degeneracy;
• kū hoʻokahi;
• ka hoʻomauʻana;
• versatility mua i olelo ia.

E noho mākou ma kēlā me kēia waiwai.

1. triplet

Kēia hui ka wā ekolu nucleotides i hana i ka daisy kaulahao i loko o ka lātoma ka nukeleaʻakika (a laila DNA ole RNA). Kēia hana o ka hui triplet a codon. Kēia codon encodes kekahi o ka'amino nāʻakika loaa kona wahi i loko o ka pae peptides.

Hoomaopopo codons (iʻikeʻia me kuhi hua'ōlelo!) Ma kā lākou pūkaʻina pilina a me ke 'ano o ka naikokene i huiʻia (nucleotides) i i komo i loko o ko lākou haku mele' ana.

Ma aaiaoe? Ka mea, ua hoʻoholo ihola i ka līkaia 64 codon type. Ka mea, e hana i kekahi hui malu pu ana o ka eha ke ano o nucleotides ma kēlā me 3. Kēia? Ieoaeunoai mea like me ka helu 4 i loko o ke kolu o ka degere. Penei, i ke kahua o ka 64-nucleotide pu malu ana.

2. O ka redundancy o ka aaiaoe kivila

Kēia waiwai hiki ke Hahai I ina pono mau i ka encryption o kekahi'aminoʻakika codon, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO loko 2-6. Wale i ka 'amino nāʻakika methionine a me ka tryptophan i ke encoded hoʻohana kekahi o ka triplet.

3. Ke kū hoʻokahi

He hapa o ka waiwai o ka aaiaoe kivila me he anakahi o ke ola aaiaoe nā kūpuna mai. No ka laʻana, no ka noho maikai ana o ke koko, he maʻamau hemoglobin hiki hōʻike kauka e ku ana ma ono o ka wahi ma ke kaula o GAA triplet. Ua i ka mea i hāpai 'ike e pili ana i ka hemoglobin, a me ka mea ia ua encoded glutamicʻakika. A ina he kanaka ka maʻi anaemia, kekahi o na nucleotides UAIAaIN ma kekahi kivila palapala - Y, i mea ka peahi o ka maʻi.

4. ka hoʻomauʻana

Ka wā kākau i ka waiwai o ka aaiaoe kivila pono e hoʻomanaʻo i codons me ke kaula gula, nā loulou i ka hooponopono ia,ʻaʻole i loko o ka'āina, a me ka pololei koke i kekahi i kekahi, i loko o ka nukeleaʻakika lei, a me keia kaulahao ua i keʻakeʻa - ka mea, i ole makamua aole hoi hopena.

5. Versatility

Mākou e loa poina i nā mea a pau ma ka Honua kaʻana like i kekahi, he pono ole aaiaoe kuhi. A no ka mea, i loko o primates a me nā kānaka, ma nā mea kolo a me nā manu centenary baobab a māhunehune hoʻomoe mai o ka honua mauu i encoded e like'amino nāʻakika'ālike triplets.

, Ae waiho nei ma na nā'ōewe o ke kumu o ka 'ike e pili ana i ka waiwai o ka meaola, heʻano o ka polokalamu i ke kino hookipa mai ka'āina hoʻoili mai ka hala a me ka poe i noho iho la ilaila me he aaiaoe kuhi.