Nobel waiwai pio i loko o kemika. Nobel uku ma ka kemika

Nobel lua ma kemika i ua i hookoia mai 1901. Kona mua uwa maila ua Iakoba van't Hoff. Kēia nä känaka 'epekema loaa ka ia nā kumu kāki no na kanawai o ka osmotic puʻe a me ka Nine Inchʻano, wehe ia. O na papa, na Winners a pau hiki ole ke hai aku la ia i loko o ka hoʻokahi 'atikala. E kamaʻilio pū mākou e pili ana i ka loa kaulana, e like me ka pono me ka poe i i hookoia ka Nobel lua ma kemika i loko o ka hope mau makahiki.

Ernest Rutherford

Kekahi o ka loa kaulana chemists o Ernest Rutherford. Nobel uku ia i loaa i loko o ka makahiki 1908 no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka disintegration hehee wale radioactive waiwai. Makahiki o ke ola ana o ke nä känaka 'epekema - 1871-1937. Kēia mea he English chemist a me ka physicist, i hanauia ma New Zealand. Manawa i kona ka pomaikai i aʻo ma Nelson College, oia loaa he hoʻonaʻauao i ae aku ia ia e hele i Christchurch, New Zealand City, ma ka Canterbury College. I ka 1894, Rutherford lilo BSc. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, i ke nä känaka 'epekema i kumu kāki i ka hoʻonaʻauao ma Kamepelika University i mea ma' Enelani, a hoʻoneʻe i ke aupuni.

I ka 1898, Rutherford hoomaka ae la e lawe mai nui ho okolohua pili i radioactive uranium pāhawewe. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, he mea mau o kona 'ano i ike:, alpha kukuna a me ka Hoʻokolohua kukuna. Ka mua komo wale i kekahi meaʻuʻuku loihi, a me ka lua o ka - a hiki i ka nui oi aku. Ma hope o ka manawa, Rutherford loaʻa ia thorium kī ana i kekahi hana radioactive gaseous huahana. He kapa i kēia kŰia ka "emanation" (ea puka).

New noiʻi ua hōʻike i kekahi hana actinium a me ka radium emanation. Rutherford ka nānā 'ana ma luna o discoveries i e ka mea, i hele mai i ka nui hopena a. He loaʻa i Alpha a me ka Hoʻokolohua na kukuna hoʻokuʻu akula i ka radioactive hehee wale. Eia kekahi, i ko lakou radioactivity emi ma hope o kekahi wā o ka manawa. Ma muli o kēia mau mea, ua ulu ka mea, ua hiki no e nui i mea mahuʻi. A pau ike 'epekema radioactive oihana mua e like manao ke nä känaka' epekema, hapa o ka kekahiʻohana o nā'ātoma, a me ka emi ana o ka radioactivity hiki e ia e like me ke kumu o ko lākou Mea Maluna.

Mariya Kyuri (Curie)

Ka wahine mua nana i i hookoia ka Nobel uku ma ka kemika, lilo Mariya Kyuri. He nui no ka 'epekema hanana i wahi i ka 1911. Nobel lua ma kemika i kumu kāki iā ia no ka loaʻa o ka polonium a me ka radium hoʻokaʻawale o radium a me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka pili' o Randy me ka ano o ka hope hehee ai. Maria i hānau i loko o Poland, ma hope neʻe kekahi manawa i Farani. Makahiki o kona ola - 1867-1934. Curie lilo i ka uwa o ka Nobel uku, i ole wale kemika akā, i loko o ke kālaikūlohea (1903, me Kāʻeokūlani, me Pierre Curie a me Anri Bekkerelem).

Marii Kyuri i ka maka o ka mea ia i nā wāhine i loko o kona manawa i aneane paa alanui ma ka 'epekema. Ma ke Kulanui o Warsaw i i lawe ia. Eia hou, i ka Curieʻohana ua ilihune. Naʻe, o Maria i hiki ke loaa ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe ma Palika.

Major e piʻi like Marii Kyuri

Anri Bekkerel ʻike i ka 1896 i ka uranium hui hoʻokuʻu akula pāhawewe i ka mea hiki ke komo iloko kaumaha. Ka pāhawewe ke Becquerel, e like hamama V. Roentgen i ka 1895 makahiki, ua he hopena o ka excitation mai kekahi mawaho kumu. Ua ua i na uranium waiwai. Mary hoihoi i loko o kēia kŰia. I ka hoʻomaka o ka 1898, ua hoomaka ae la e noiʻi i ia. Ke kanaka noiʻi ho'āʻo e ike ai i ko ka mea, he 'ē' ona i i ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻu akula i kēia mau kukuna. Ma December 1898, Pierre a me Mariya Kyuri loaa mau hou hehee wale. Ka mea, i kapaʻia radium a me ka polonium (ma hope o Marie'āina o Poland). Kēia i hahai ma ka hana ma luna o kā lākou hoʻokaʻawale a me ka like ana o ko lakou mau waiwai. I ka 1910, pu me Andre Marie Debirnom hōʻike 'mea hao radium i loko o kona maemae ano. Pela ka mea, Ua pau 12 makahiki aku nei ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ka moʻo o ka hoʻokolokolo' ana i.

Laynus Karl Poling

Oia nei no kekahi o ka mea nui loa chemists. Nobel uku ia i loaa i ka makahiki 1954 no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ke' ano o ka Nine Inch hoopaa, e like me kona palapala noi, e hooholo i ka 'ole o ka mea i huiʻia.

Pauling ka ola makahiki - 1901-1994. He Ua hanau ia ma ka United States, Hawaii (Portland). E like me ke kanaka noiʻi Pauling i lōʻihi? Anoee ka X-Ray crystallography. He kahaha pehea na kukuna kekahi, ma ke aniani, a me he mea he ano kumu. Ma keia aka mea hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka'ātoma 'ole o ka waiwai. E ho ohana i keia hana, ÿepekema i këia i ke ano o ka mea paa ma ka benzene a me nā onaona i huiʻia.

I ka 1928 godu Pauling hana hybridization kumumanaʻo (resonance) Nine Inch ka ponaʻana i ia lŘlŘ ma onaona i huiʻia. I ka makahiki 1934, he nä känaka 'epekema huli i kona noonoo ana i ka biochemistry, o ka oi aku kumuʻiʻo biochemistry. Together me Alexander Mirskyʻo ia i hana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka hana a me ka kumuʻiʻo 'ole. Together me Ch Corwell keia nä känaka 'epekema aʻo i ka hopena o ka o oxygen saturation (oxygenation) ma luna o kaʻume mākenēki waiwai o ke kumuʻiʻo hemoglobin. I ka 1942, i ke kanaka noiʻi ua hiki ke hoʻololi i ka Nine Inch 'ole o ka globulin (nā polokina i loko o ke koko). I ka 1951 godu Pauling me R. Corey paʻi hana hoolilo i ka hakakino 'ole o nā polokina. He ka hopena o ka hana, a mau ae la ia no ka 14 makahiki. E ho ohana X-Ray crystallography e noiʻi i nā nā polokina ma Muscle, lauoho, lauoho, kui, a me nā'aʻaʻa, nā kānakaʻepekema i nui i loaʻa. Ka mea i loaʻa i ke kumuʻiʻo kaulahao o'amino nāʻakika ka hoʻoluli i loko o kaʻoni iho. Ua ua i ka mua nui ma ka biochemistry.

S. Hinshelwood a Semenov

Oe paha makemake e ike, ina paha he mea kekahi Russian Nobel waiwai pio i loko o kemika. Oiai kekahi o ko mākou mau compatriots i ua koho no keia ia nā kumu kāki, Semenov wale loaa ia. Together me Hinshelwood la oia i i hookoia ai ka makana no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i keʻano papa hana o Nine Inch reactions i ka makahiki 1956.

Hinshelwood - Pelekāne nä känaka 'epekema (ola makahiki - 1897-1967). O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o kona i, ua pili i ke ao o ka kaula reactions. He hoʻokolokolo i ka homogeneous mea o loko, e like me keʻano papa hana o reactions o kēiaʻano.

Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (makahiki o ke ola - 1896-1986) - Russian chemist a me ka physicist mua mai i ke kulanakauhale o Saratov. Ka mua scientific pilikia e pono ia ia, ua ionized kinoea. Ke nä känaka 'epekema, nō i ke kulanui ka haumāna, kakau iho la oia i ka mua' atikala e pili ana i ka hookui hookahe koko ana ma waena o nā lātoma a me electrons. Ma hope o kekahi wā, ua hoomaka ae la e noiʻi i oi nui na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka recombination a me ka dissociation. A, lilo iho la oia ma ka hoihoi, ao ke ano o ka hakakino condensation a me ka adsorption o ka ohu 'ia ma luna o ka paa ili. Haʻawina lawe mai hiki ia i ka pilina ma waena o kaʻilikai mahana ma i ka condensation ua haliia mai la mawaho, a me ka pa apŘ o ka mahu, e loaʻa. I ka makahiki 1934, i ke nä känaka 'epekema ua paʻi i kekahi pepa ma i hōʻike ai i keʻano o nā reactions, a me polymerization, ke hoomau aku ma keʻano papa hana a manamana ai pae reactions.

Robert Burns Woodward

A pau Winners o ka Nobel lua ma ka kemika ua i kekahi makana nui i ka 'epekema, akā, R. Woodward kū mai i waena o lākou. Kona piʻi like i mea nui i keia la. Kēia nä känaka 'epekema Ua hookoia ka Nobel makana i ka 1965. He loaa ia ia no kona makana i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala. Makahiki o ke ola Robert - 1917-1979. He Ua hānauʻia i loko o ka US, i loko o ka US kulanakauhale o Boston, ke aupuni 'o Makakukeka.

Ka mea mua e piʻi like i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kemika Woodward hana iloko o ka Apana World War, ia ia i ka "Polaroid Inc" poe Point. No ka mea, o ke kaua ka mea, ua i lawa quinine. O ua Anati-malarial lāʻau i i hoʻohana pū i ka maka aniani hana. Woodward a me W. Doering, i kona colleague, ua hooholo koke i loaʻa mea a me ka maʻamau lako a ma hope, ua 14 mahina o ka hana lawe mai i ka hoʻololi kemikala o quinine.

Ma hope o 3 makahiki, pu me Schramm, keia nä känaka 'epekema i hana i ka kumuʻiʻo mea like, ma ka hui ana i ka kaulahao lōʻihi o ka'aminoʻakika huahelu. Nā polypeptides loaa like me ka hopena o keia, i ua hoʻohana ma o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o antibiotics a me kemikala lula ea. Eia hou kekahi, a me kā lākou kōkua, ka mea, hoomaka ae la e e? Anoee kumuʻiʻo pūnao. Woodward i ka 1951, hoomaka ae la e hana ana ma luna o ka hoʻololi kemikala o steroid. Mawaena o na hui loaa he lanosterol, chlorophyll, reserpine, lysergicʻakika, wikamina B12, colchicine, prostaglandin F2a. A laila, he nui o ka hui hoomakaukau e ia, a me nā hoa o ka Institute "Ciba Inc", kona mea kuhikuhi ia ua, hoomaka ae la e e hoʻohana 'ia ma o ka hana. Nefalosporin C i kekahi o ka mea nui poʻe. An antibiotic e like me penicillin, a ua hoʻohana 'ia ma luna o nā mea palahēhē, kena ae la ia e koʻohune.

Ka papa inoa o nā inoa o nā kānakaʻepekema, i i hookoia ia i loko o ka 21st kenekulia, ke Nobel lua ma ka kemika e e complemented, i loko o ka lua o ka makahiki.

A. Suzuki, Negishi E., R. Heck

Kēia noiʻi i i hookoia no ka hooulu ana o ka aoao hou o interconnecting ka kalapona nā'ātoma e kūkulu luna 'nā lātoma. Ka mea, Ua hookoia ka Nobel lua ma kemika i ka 2010. Heck, a Negishi - Americans, a me Akira Suzuki - he kamaaina o Japan. Lākou AIM ua i ka mea i hanaia o ka luna 'ke aloha nā lātoma. I ke kula, ua aʻo i ka haku o ka kalapona nā'ātoma mea nāna i hana i ka iwi o ka lātoma ka ke aloha i huiʻia. No ka lōʻihi manawaʻepekema pilikia ua i ka o carbon nā'ātoma i hiki ole ke hui pu iho la me ka'ē aʻe nā'ātoma. Hōʻeleu mooolelo, i ka palladium, e hoʻokele e hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia. Ma lalo o ka hana o ka hōʻeleu kalapona nā'ātoma kila pāʻani aku i kekahi i kekahi, e lilo luna 'ke aloha kanu'ōiwi. i aʻo mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a Nobel kemika waiwai pio i kēia makahiki. Kokoke ka poʻe, i lawe mai i ka naoh, i oleloia ma ka hanohano o nā kānakaʻepekema.

R. Lefkowitz, M. Karplus, B. Kobilka

Lefkowitz (kiʻi ma luna), Kobilka a me Karplus - i ka poe i lanakila i ka Nobel lua ma kemika i ka 2012. Kēia ia nā kumu kāki hele i ekolu kānakaʻepekema no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i hui G-kumuʻiʻo hui receptors. Robert Lefkowitz - he US kamaaina wau ka mea i hanau April 15, 1943 ke kumu nui loa o kona noiʻi hana mea laʻa bioreceptors, a hoʻololi i ko lakou mau lepa a. Lefkowitz ooieoeiiaeuiuo hiʻona i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o au mamuli, ke' ole a me ka kaʻina o ka β-adrenergic receptors a me ka 'ano 2 hoʻokonukonu nā polokina: β-arrestin a me GRK-kinase. Kēia nä känaka 'epekema ma ka makahiki 1980, a me nā hoapili lawe mai cloning o ka'ōewe kuleana no ka hana o ka β-adrenergic mea loaʻa.

B. Kobilka - hele mai ana, mai kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. He Ua hānauʻia i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Little Falls (Hawaii). Ma hope o ka puka ia hana ma lalo o ka hooponopono ana o ke kanaka noiʻi Lefkowitz.

Nobel lua ma kemika 2012 i kumu kāki i M. Karplus. He Ua hanau ia ma Vienna ma 1930. Karplus hele mai, mai ka Iudaio ohana, ka poe i ai i ka neʻeʻana i pakele hoomaau, mai ka Nazis a hiki i ka 'Amelika. I ka papa kuhikuhiE wahi o ka noiʻi o ke nä känaka 'epekema lilo i nukeleaʻume mākenēki spectroscopy, quantum kemika a me kinetics o Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Uorshel

E mākou e huli i ka laureates o ka 2013 uku. Epekema Karplus (kiʻi ma lalo nei), Uorshel Levitt, a loaa ia ma ke kua o ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka luna 'Nine Inch nenoai.

M. Levitt Ua hanau ia ma South Africa i ka makahiki 1947,. A hiki aku la oia i 16 o kona mau makahiki, ua neʻe Michael ka ohana i ka UK. Ma London,ʻo ia i heluʻia ma ka makahiki 1967 ma ka College Royal, a laila, hoomau i kona mau haʻawina ma ke Kulanui o Kamepelika. Kana hana ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua o hakakino kālaimeaola o ke Kulanui e pili ana i ka haku o nā Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o ka ekolu-dimensional kanu'ōiwi o tRNA. Michael o kekahi o na Mamua o ke kamepiula hōʻikeʻia nani 'ana i kūpono a me ka haʻawina o nā hale o kekahi kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma (ka hapanui nā polokina).

Nobel lua ma kemika 2013 i kumu kāki i Ari kekahi Uorshelu. He Ua hanau ia ma Palesetina i ka 1940. Ma 1958-62 GG. ia i malamaia ma ka papa o ka luna i loko o ka IDF, a laila, hoʻomaka këia ma ka Ierusalema Institute. Ma 1970-72 GG. ia hana ma ka Weizmann Institute ÷ ino Kumu, a ma ka makahiki 1991, ua lilo i Kumu o ka kālaimeaola a me ka kemika ma Kaleponi Hema. Uorshell manaoia kekahi o na Mamua o computational enzymology - māhele o ke kālaimeaola. He ua aʻo i ka 'ole a me ka catalytic maomeka o ka hana, a me ka' ole o ka'ūhū lātoma.

Kjell S., E. a me W. Eric Betzig Merner

Nobel lua ma kemika 2014 i hookoia Merner, Eric Betzig a me Helle. Kēia mau kānakaʻepekema Ua hana hou ano o microscopy ma kela aoao o na uea 'kama'āina iā mākou i ka malamalama microscope. Lākou nā hualoaʻa ae mai, e noonoo i ke ala o ka loko o nā lātoma na keena o ola meaola. No ka laʻana, ma kēia mau kiʻina hana ia mea hiki ke kanaka hoʻoponopono i ka hana o na nā polokina kuleana no ka hanana o Parkinson ka maʻi a me Alzheimer ka. Currently, ka noiʻi o kēia mau kānakaʻepekema i increasingly hoʻohana i ka 'epekema a me ka laau lapaau.

Kjell Ua hanau ia ma 1962 ma Romania. He He He kamaaina no Germany i keia la. Erik Bettsig Ua hānauʻia ma ka makahiki 1960 ma Hawaii. Uilyam Merner Ua hanau ia ma 1953 ma Kaleponi.

Hell mai na 1990s hana ma ke ala kūpono-microscopy ma noho'na makaainana i ulu ea puka kaumaha. Ke kukuna mua i ka naita i loko o laila a hiki i kukui hāweo malamalama, 'akomi i ma ka pa alima. Kekahi kukuna ua hoʻohana 'ia i mea e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻonā' ana o ka noonoo o kanaka. Merner a me Eric Betzig, Helle nā hoapili, ka hana ana i kū kaʻawale lākou iho noiʻi, waiho iho la i ke kumu no kekahi 'ano o ka microscopy. Mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hookahi-lātoma microscopy.

T. Lindahl, P. Modric a me Aziz Sanjar

Nobel lua ma kemika 2015 i kumu kāki i ke Swede Lindahl, American Modric a me Tureke Sanjar. Ua maheleia epekema i ka uku i waena o lakou iho, kū kaʻawale wehewehe, a wehewehe i nā maomeka ma i aeee "hou" DNA, a hoomalu nae lakou i ka poho o ka aaiaoe ike. ʻO ia meaʻo ia i kumu kāki i ke Nobel lua ma kemika i ka 2015.

Ke scientific kaiāulu i loko o nā 1960s, ua hoomaopopoia ua mau nā lātoma i loa mau nō a me ka wa e ola ana koeʻaneʻane ua hoʻololiʻia. Lawe ana mai i kona noiʻi ma ka Karolinska Institute, (hanau i ka 1938) ka biochemist Lindahl ua hoike mai i ka likeʻole mā loaa i loko o ka DNA. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i loaʻa pono e maoli maomeka ana i ka "koho" ka DNA nā lātoma. Lindahl i ka 1974 i ka'ūhū i eliminates maoli ka pōʻino mai cytosine o ia. Ma 1980-90s haumāna, nāna i hoʻowalewaleʻia maiʻo ia ma ka manawa o ka UK hoike mai ana i ka glycosylases. Kēia kūikawā pūʻulu o nā'ūhū lawe mai hana i loko o kaʻanuʻu mua o ka DNA? Aiiio. ʻepekema hiki ke paʻi ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ke kaʻina hana (ai-kapaia "excision? Aiiio").

Pono o ka hoolohe, a me ka mea'ē aʻe Laureates ma kemika 2015 Nobel uku. Aziz Sanjar Ua hanau ia ma 1946 ma Tureke. He loaa i kona 'inikuaʻano ma Kou, alaila, hana no kekahi mau makahiki o kua'āina kauka. Naʻe, i ka 1973, Aziz lilo hoihoi i loko o biochemistry. Ke nä känaka 'epekema Ua mahalo ia ka koʻohune ma hope o ka loaa ana i kekahi mahele lāʻau o ka ultraviolet pāhawewe, make no ia, e hoihoi koke lākou ikaika, ina lawe mai i ka irradiation i loko o ka uliuli huahelu o ka hiki laulā. Ua i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua Texas Sanjar hōʻike 'a cloned ka'ōewe o ka'ūhū, i mea kuleana no ka hoʻopau o ka kūpono pōʻino mai ka ultraviolet (photolyase). Kēia loaʻa i loko o ka 1970s, i ole i ka hoihoi i loko o nā kulanui o Amerika, a me ke nä känaka 'epekema hele i Yale. Ua iʻaneʻi i ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia i ka lua o ka'ōnaehana "? Aiiio" na keena ma hope o ka mea, i paku ole ia i ultraviolet malamalama.

Pol Modrich (hanau 1946) i hānau i loko o ka United States (New Mexico). He loaʻa i kekahi papa hana ma i ke kaʻina hana o ka halepaahao mahele? Ee ka wahaheʻe hōʻike 'ia ma ka DNA i loko o ka fission kaʻina.

No laila, ua ua ike no ka poe i lanakila i ka Nobel lua ma kemika i ka 2015. Mākou hiki wale spike e hoʻonaniʻiaʻo ia me ia ia nā kumu kāki ma ka hope, i ka 2016. Hopefully, i loko o ka wā e hiki mai kokoke i ke kaʻawale, a Lūkiniʻepekema, ma laila e e hou Nobel kemika makana o Rusia.