PaʻaʻOiʻenehana: i ka ho'ākāka 'ana, me ka walaʻauʻana i ka manaʻo nui o nā kākau a me nā kākoʻo. Leon Trotsky

He aha mea i ka paʻa 'ʻOiʻenehana? Owai la ka mea kakau iho la no ia? Ma kēia mau a me nā nīnau mākou e pane i loko o kēia 'atikala. Ua Ua manaoio aku i keia manawa ua hoʻolauna Leo Trotsky. Akā, i loko o ka 'ōlelo Lūkini, kēia' aoʻao o hele mai hoomaikai G. V. Plehanovu, ka mea i kākau e pili ana i ka "paʻa kipi" i loko o ka 12th pukana o "Datebook Social-Democrat" (June 1910). Kēia kanaka i hoʻokumu i ka Social-kemokalaka neʻeʻana i loko o Rusia. Ma kana mau palapala, oia hoʻohana i ka makahiki Karla Marksa (1918-1883 makahiki) - makeʻOiʻenehana ma Permanenz (uninterrupted kipi) i ka mea i hele mai ai me.

helehelena

Pehea i hana ai i ka hopuna'ōlelo "paʻa kipi"? Ma mua Trotsky i ka 1905, ua palapala mai e pili ana i ka "hoʻokahuli aupuni hoʻomaumau" a "ana kipi" ( "E Hoʻi Ke Aloha" nupepa, November 8). Ka hopuna'ōlelo "paʻa kipi", hoomaka ae la oia e hana ma hope o Feberuari 1917, ka wā i loko o ka palapala, "He aha e hiki mai ana?" Ua paʻiʻia he slogan o ka "paʻa coup ku ei ka paʻa luku!". I ka 1932, ua paʻi i kona puke e pili ana i keia kŰia, a hoomaka ae la ka mea hou kau e kamaʻilio wale i ka inoa o Trotsky.

E like me sarcasm, ka hopuna'ōlelo o ia hoʻi, he hooloihi ae i kaʻina o ka mihi, loli, a no laila, ma luna o.

kumumanaʻo

He aha ka ke kumumanaʻo o ka paʻa 'kipi? Kēia ao ana o ke kahua kaʻina hana o ke kipi i loko o ka underdeveloped a me kaʻike ākea'āina. Ua Ua manaoia mua e Engels a me Marx, hope elaborated Lvom Trotskim, Vladimir Lenin, Ernest Mendel a me nā Marxist ideology (a me ka poe Trotskyist kākau e like Dzhozef Hansen, Michael auhau, Livio Majtán).

'ōlelo

E like me ka mea paʻa kipi i hoohalike ma na Mamua o Marxism? Ke loa kiʻi o keia kŰia i ho'ākāka 'ia ma Fridrihom Engelsom a me Karlom Marksom i kakahiaka nui me 1840 i loko o ka "Communist Manifesto" a me "Message o ke Komite Central o ka Communist o Oʻahu." Na ke kanaka haku a Marxism i manaoio aku i ka manaʻo o ke aupuni-bourgeois kipi, i ka hana i pau i ka piʻi like ana o kekahi mea pahu hopu.

Ua ua ike ia ka bourgeoisie imi e koke hoopau i ke kipi. A me ka proletariat ua koiia e hana i kēia kaʻina ana like loa me ka loaa no papa e ole e wehe mai i ka papa a hiki i ka poe hana i i loaa i ka moku'āina mana. Friedrich Engels a Karl Marx Koi ikaika ma luna o ke aloha o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana o ko na kauwa, a me ka proletarian kipi.

Lenin ka wahi

Ma ka manawa "paʻa kipi" a me ka hoihoi i loko o Lenin. Lenin ua kūkākūkāʻia i ke kahua ma ka Lūkini bourgeois-kemokalaka kipi ke hoʻomōhala i loko o ka Socialist kipi. Kēia nuance mea hiki ma ka nānaina o ka ho'ākāka 'ia i olelo ma o ka aina o ka capitalism - ka loaʻa nui o ka pālua type oko nā ma waena o ke kahua o ka ulu capitalism a me ka serfdom residues, a me loko o ka nenoaia iho.

Ma keia kulana, ka bourgeoisie a me ka proletariat, i alakaʻiʻia e ka hoʻokahuli aupuni aoao, o ka holomua ikaika o ke kipi. Na kauwa, ka poe i makemake e kōkua i ke kaua kipi e hoʻokō kona Pahuhopu, kuhikuhi e luku landlordism, mea he Ally o na hana.

Ua hana Lenin ka wahi o ka Hawaii. He manaoio aku i ka pā like o escalating ka bourgeois-kemokalaka kipi i loko o ka Socialist koa o ka hooponopono hou ana o ka 'ole o ka hana ka papa a puni o ka pau ana o ke aupuni-bourgeois kipi. He ua kūkākūkāʻia ia ina ka kemokalaka-bourgeois proletariat kipi i wahi i kuikahi me nā mea a pau i ka growers, Alaila hoouna koke ae hele i ka Socialist kipi i ka hana pono wale nō me ke kua'āina ilihune, a me ka ilihune, ka mea hoʻokaumaha hehee wale. Kemokalaka-hoʻokahuli aupuni dictatorship o ka hana, a kauwa e paa ana, e lawe i ke ano o ka Socialist dictatorship o ka proletariat.

I ka manaʻo o ka loli o ke bourgeois-kemokalaka kipi i loko o Socialist i hanaia i ka 1905 ma Lenin ma na hana "kemokalaka hoʻokahuli aupuni dictatorship o na hana a me kauwa", "Eluaʻoihana kaʻa o ka lawelawe aupuni a ka lehulehu i loko o ka kemokalaka kipi" a me na mea e ae. Lenin manaʻo Socialist a me ka bourgeois-kemokalaka kipi i nā māhele o kekahi lei. A, i ka mau kipi ia ia me he hookahi papa.

Ke ana o ko ke ao nei ka kipi

I ka kumumanaʻo o ka paʻa kipi - he loa hana hoihoi ao. Ua ua ike ia ke kahua o Lenin noʻonoʻo ana ia manawa kipi ana i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka lāhui i hoʻokahuli aupuni kuanaʻike. He ike aku i ka piha hana o ka socialism ia mea ma ka hualoaʻa a Anati-imperialist papa.

I kela a me keia o kana mau hana o Vladimir Ulyanov komo i ka IkuwaʻOiʻenehana i loko o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni global pōʻaiapili. Oiai, me Trotsky, palapala iho la i ka helu ana o na hana e pili ana i ka Soviet Repubalika like me ka honua o ka upheaval pakaua.

Social Democrats nana

I ka manaʻo o nā paʻa kipi, ka Mensheviks poe i hoihoi i ka Russian a me ka Western kaiapili democrats. I ko lakou manao e lewa i ka manaʻo i ka hana i loko o ka papa o ka aeia ana o ka Socialist kipi ia kaua ke pale a pau i ka ole-proletarian papa, me kū'ē i ka peasantry.

No keia mea, no ka lanakila o Socialist kipi,ʻano nui i loko o Rusia, ma hope o ka malama ana o ka bourgeois-kemokalaka kipi pono lawe i ka lōʻihi manawa a hiki i ka hapanui o ka lehulehu, aole ia i huli i loko o proletarians, a me ka hana mai i lilo i ka hapanui i loko o ka moku'āina. Inā na hana mea i lawa, i kekahi paʻa kipi ua make i ka ole.

Trotsky ka manao

Ma ka huli o kona nānaina iho o ke ana o ka paʻa kipi, Trotsky wehewehe, i hoʻomākaukau ai i ka 1905, he hou ka hoohalike ana o ka ia. Kekahi o ka meaʻano nui loa o ka manaʻo o ke kipi o ka pähola 'o ka hui' ana. Marxists mua 1905 i ua kālailai ma ka hoʻokō 'ana o ka Socialist ke kipi i loko o ka holomua capitalist'āina.

I kulike ai me Trotskii, i loko o ka oi a emi holomua aina e like me Rusia, a i nei i waho loa proletariat kaʻina 'ana a me ka industrialization, ka mea, ua hiki no e kekahi kipi ku i ka mōʻaukala Socialist impotence bourgeoisie hoʻokō kemokalaka-Bourgeois koi.

Ma kana mau palapala, Leon Trotsky i kākau i ka pili aupuni incompetence o ka bourgeoisie ua pololei nānā 'ia ma ke ala kona pili i ka peasantry, a me ka proletariat. He koi i ka weuweu Lūkini kipi i ka pilikia ole wale no chronology, akā, i ka hihia o ka nohona o ke aupuni.

No laila, Ua loaʻa mākou i mua mai i Trotsky - he kākoʻo iā ia, no ka pähola 'o ka paʻa' kipi. Loa koke hoomaka ae la oia e hoʻomōhala ia ma hope o ka October 1917 uprising. Trotsky hōʻole pau ka Socialist ano o ke kipi, hōʻike no ka mea wale nō i ke kahua mua ma ke alanui i Socialist ke kipi i loko o ke Komohana, a puni ka poepoe honua. I mai la ia ia socialism ke lanakila ma Soviet Rusia wale i ka wa a ka Socialist kipi i paʻa, i ka mea i komo iloko ma ka Europa aina nui, kahi o ka proletariat o ka iiaaau o ka West, e kōkua i ka Lūkini limahana noho iho i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i kū'ē i kona mau papa, a laila ia e e hiki ke kūkulu communism, a socialism ma luna o ka honua me ka unahiʻole. He ike keia hoʻokūkū ke kipi ku i ka uuku helu o Lūkini proletariat, a no ke ola i loko o Rusia ka nui nui o ka haʻahaʻa o bourgeois ma ke ano palaoa growers.

Ke kūlana o nā kua'āina e noho ana

Pinepine i ka kumumanaʻo o ka paʻa kipi o Trotsky nema aku ai no ka mea i ka mea kākau allegedly underestimates ke kūlana o ka peasantry. I ka mea,ʻo ua nui loa i loko o kona mau palapala ke i mai nei i poe hana e ole e hiki ke lawe mai i ka Socialist kipi,ʻaʻole me ke kākoʻo mai o na kauwa. Trotsky hoʻike i, wale i ka hapa uuku o ka Lūkini ke kaiāulu i, ka hana papa ke alakai i kipi i ka emancipation o ka peasantry, a pela e loaa i ka apono o ka mahiʻai i hapa o ke kipi, ma ka kākoʻo no i ka mea e paulele.

I ka Ia manawa ka proletariat no ka pono o ka pilikino pomaikai a me ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i kā lākou mau ana e imi i ka hoʻokō i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni loli, a e hooko ole wale no ka hana o ka bourgeois kipi, akā, i alakai i ke kahua o ka hana mana.

I ka Ia manawa, Trotsky hoʻike i ka proletariat e e pio ia e ka papa confrontation i loko o ke kauhale, no laila, ua makemake e ka 'aʻe' o ia anaina kanaka o ka hoihoi, i meaʻiʻo nō i loaʻa i nā mahiʻai, akā, i loko o ka kŘpa a haiki huahelu. Ka hana i loko o ka loiloi mua wā o kona noho alii ana, e imi kākoʻo ma ka confrontation o ke kua'āina ilihune kua'āina waiwai, mahiʻai proletariat - hlebopasheskoy bourgeoisie.

I ka hoohewaia ana o ka pähola 'ana ma o ka USSR

No laila, e ike mua i ka mea kākau o ka pähola 'o ka paʻa kipi i loko o Rusia - Trotsky. Ma ka Soviet Union, ua hoohewaia o kona ao ana i ka hōʻike weheana kau o ka Central Na Makuahine Komisina o ka RCP (B) Central Komite, a me ka olelo hooholo o Trotsky ka olelo, i i aponoia i ka makahiki 1925, ma ka January 17 like me ia ma ka "Theses ma na hana o ka Lūkini Communist Party (Bolsheviks) a me ka Comintern", hoohana 14 la Ahaolelo o ka RCP (b) "ma fronderskom bloc i loko o ka CPSU (b)." Similar pāʻoihana i ua aponoia ma nā mea a pau o ka kalaka nui-kūhelu Communist aoao, i he lâlâ 'o ka Comintern.

Policy o keia hui ma Kina i ka pololei kumu no ka hoʻolaha hoike o Trotsky ka ao ana o ka paʻa kipi a me ka noʻonoʻo loi o ka Stalinist ano o ka "kuʻina o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana." Ia mea ma keia aina, i ka Pākē Communist Party ma na kauoha o Moscow ho'āʻo e ho okumu oia i kuikahi me ka bourgeoisie People - mua me ke alakaʻi o ka Kuomintang (i ke poo o ka Chan Kayshi), akā, ma hope o ka Shanghai luku mai o ka makahiki 1927, a ulu aʻe no i kona hewa, - van Tszinveyem ( "hema KMT").

ka manaʻolana 'ia o ka USSR

Like paʻa kipi ke loli i ke kūpono 'ana o ka USSR? Ua alakai ia ka wehewehena o kēia kaʻina na mea he nui i ka manaʻo. Kākoʻo o nā paʻa kipi i noʻonoʻo i ka hana o ka socialism i loko o ka hoʻokahi Lūkini "kanaka hoʻokahi-kapakahi", he holo mai ke kumu manao o proletarian kūpaʻa.

Trotskyists mai la ia, inā i loko o ka wā e hiki kokoke ma hope o ka October ia kipikipi ana i loko o ke Komohana lanakila kipi o ka hana ka papa i loko o ka USSR hoʻomaka "? Aeiino? O capitalism."

Trotsky ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka Soviet Union i waho, mai ka October kipi like me ka hana ana i ka mana. Re-privatization o keʻano o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo mea he pono ano no Socialist ulu. Ua wehe i ka manawa kūpono o ka kokololio ulu o hoʻomāhuahua ai koa. I ka mea e hana ana i loko o ka hope aku o ka aina ua huli i ka mea o ka bureaucratic hanaʻino i ka hana ka papa, a me ka oi - i loko o kahi mea paahana e sabotage i ka hoʻokele waiwai. Okazonivanie ka noho kaʻawaleʻana a me ka hope aupuni e hana ana a me ka hou 'ana o ka bureaucracy i loko o kekahi mea a pau-mana aeia no caste o ka loa apau i Logical mea hiki socialism i loko o ka hoʻokahi aupuni.

Trotsky hai aku i ka Soviet? Eia mea, nolaila, o ka horrific kaua. Akā, ia nō e waiho ana no he lālā poe hana 'aupuni. 'O kēia ka nohona manao. Ke ha i pili aupuni i multivariate ano: kekahi ka bureaucracy plunge ke aupuni hoʻi i ka capitalism, kikeke ana ma hou ke ano o na waiwai, a me ka proletariat pepehi i ka bureaucracy, a, e wehe i ke ala i ka socialism.

Evolution o ke ao

Pehea o ke kūpono 'ana o ke kumumanaʻo ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II? Kēia ao ana hoʻomau e hoʻoikaika i na mea he nui i koe Marxist theorists i loko o ka'āina o ka Hikina Hema Asia, WesternʻEulopa, South a me North America, kahi he mau Trotskyist ho okumu. Ma ka waena o ka XX kenekulia ua he e hoea o Anati-koloniala. Ma keia kahua o ka Eha International kaupaona i nā i ka evolution o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻe i loko o ka ulu ao nei, o ka oi aku i loko o ka Cuban a me ka Algerian Hope.

Ma kekahi o na congresses o ka Eha International i ka makahiki 1963 ka mea hoohana i kekahi olelo hooholo "ʻano o ka honua kipi i keia la." Kona kākau he Ernest Mandel (i ka alihi kaua o ka Aaeuaeeneei mokuna) a me Dzhozef Hansen (lālā o ka'ōnaehana US Socialist He hana i 'Party).

Ka olelo hooholo i oleloia i ka Hoʻohaku koa ekolu o ka honua kipi - he pili aupuni kipi i loko o ka mana o ka ino e hana ana ', i ka koloniala kipi, a me ka proletarian uprising ma capitalist'āina - hana i ka dialectical hui ana. Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau koa e loli ai i ka 'ē aʻe, a me ka hoʻi hookipa mai i ka ikaika impetus no kona wā e hiki mai ana a me ke peleki pāʻana. Ke kali hou aku; no ka mea proletarian ia kipikipi ana i loko o ka bourgeois mana, o ka papa, hooki i ka koloniala kipi, e komo ma ka Socialist ala no laila, consciously a me ka 'āwīwī i hiki ma lalo o ka puʻe o lanakila ka poe e hana i loko o ka ulu'āina a me ka lanakila hoʻokahuli aupuni kipi. Ua kali hou aku i keakea, i ka ulu ana o ka uprising pili aupuni i loko o ka Soviet Union, me ka i ka mea i i ole ike i ka Soviet poe hana mua ona i ke kumu hoohalike o ke multivariate ma ka hanaia'na o ke socialism.

Bukharin

Kaʻia "paʻa kipi" Bukharin i pili. Ma ka palapala hoolilo i ka Okatoba kipi, i kakahiaka 1918, i palapala mai i ka haule ana o ka imperialist? Eia i hoʻonohonoho 'ia a pau mua hoʻokahuli aupuni mōʻaukala. He ua kūkākūkāʻia i keia hoole mai oia, a me ka lanakila o ka hana ka papa, kākoʻo ma ke kua'āina ilihune, i ka lanakila, a wehe koke limitless lipolipo o ka holoʻokoʻa Honua, i ka hoʻomaka o ka ke aloha'āina. Ke Lūkini proletariat posed like ikaika i ka wa pau ole, i ka hana o ka lahui kipi. Ka a pau eiiieaena o ka pili, originated maʻEulopa, e alakai ana i ka inevitable hopena. Penei, paʻa kipi i loko o Rusia iho i loko o ka Europa kipi o ka proletariat.

He manaoio aku i ka lepo keg o Europe kiola koko kahiko lama Lūkini Socialist kipi. He mea i make. He māhuahua. Ua Hoʻonui i ka pono. inevitably A ka mea, e merge me ka nui kiekie kipi o ko ke ao nei proletariat.

I ka mea, Bukharin ua mamao loa mai ke Socialist'ōnaehana i loko o ka mō'ī aupuni. Ua noa i ike ia mea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE theorist o ke kai eʻe e ku e Trotskyism, e ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i ka manaʻo o ka paʻa 'kipi. Akā, ma mua, i ka wa a ka pelemaka hoʻokahuli aupuni kipi i ole he manawa e hoomaalili hou, Bukharin, e huli mai i imi i ka loiloi i ka coupʻokoʻa mau hua'ōlelo ma mua o ka kekahi e ku e ia i ia mea i loko o kekahi mau makahiki, ua hiki i ka piena o kaua.

Bukharin ka palapala i i e ka Party Central Komite, "Surf." 'Aʻohe haʻi ia heretical. Ma ke kue, a pau i loko o laila i ka undisputed a me ka kūhelu olelo o ka manao o ka Central Aha o ka aoao. Palapala i loko o kēia palapala paʻi na manawa he nui ma luna o nā makahiki e hele mai ana, a me ka pu a me kekahi Mākua hoʻolaʻa i ka February kipi, ma lalo o ka mau inoa "Mai ka'opi o autocracy a hiki i ka haule ana o ka bourgeoisie", ua unuhi 'ia i loko o ka' ōlelo Palani, Kelemānia, English a me nā 'ōlelo.

I nā makahiki 1923-1924, he nui loa i hoomaka ai e hoopaapaa aku i Trotskyism. Mau hoopaapaa Ua luku nui o ka mea i kūkuluʻia ma ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, pūnāwai i ka heluhelu ana lumi, hale waihona puke, nupepa, a kanu iho olalo i ka helu o ka palapala e pili ana i ka hoopilikia nui i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kipi a me ka 'aoʻao. I kēia lā, i kēia mau palapala i ke kūkulu hou apana ma ka apana, e hoomanao i nā lā kahiko.

ka hana pono

No laila, e ike, i ke ana o ka honua kipi ka loa hoao. Ma ka hana pono, i ka olelo o ka paʻa coup ponoi nona nānā. Nema aku ana i ka kumumanaʻo o Trotsky, Radek (Soviet politician) pili ana ia ia, a "nā kaʻa mokulele, a penei no ia." Kēia mea He mea nui hou. Open kūkākūkā no 'Trotskyism' ma keia ninau pomaikai kaupalena 'ao ana. Akā, Radek mea i lawa. He ua e kaua ana i ka Bolshevik laina kalaiaina ma Kina. He mālama, e hookohu i kēia papa i ka kumumanaʻo o ka paʻa kipi, a me ka mea nele i ka hooiaio i keia ao ana i loko o ka hala kahe ka hewa tactical laina.

Radek kā lākou poʻe heluhelu e aʻe. Paha ka mea, aole i ike i ka mōʻaukala o ke kipi, a i ole ke komo kino. Akā,ʻo ia apparently i ole bother e kaha i ka ninau ma ka palapala.

Mōʻaukala 'Aʻole e komo i loko o pololei o ka laina. I kekahi manawa, ua loaʻa i loko o nā make welau.