Synecology këia? Aneeo nenoai

Kālaikaiaola hoʻohālike me ka botany, zoology a me ka'anatomia, kŘpa a opiopio liluwelo ka hoʻopaʻi i ka nuʻu mua i loko o ka hapalua like-19th kenekulia. Ua huli aku i ka pilina o nā mea ola a me kā lākou mau kaiaulu a me kekahi i kekahi, a me ka āina a puni. Kekahi o kona pauku - synecology - ninaninau kālaikaiaola a me kona ola meaola i kekahi hapa o ka biogeocenosis: mea kanu, nā mea kolo, Fish, na holoholona ma ke alu like 'ana me kekahi i kekahi. Nauka iho i kona kêia kanaka i loko o ka hana o ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao e like me L. Dollo, O. Abela, DN Kashkarov, VN Sukachev.

Ma keia 'atikala, e aʻo mākou i ka walaʻauʻana manaÿo o ka kālaikaiaola pauku, a loaʻa mai ka' ole a me ka functioning o? Aneeo nenoai.

Biogeocoenoses eiiiiiaiou like me ka biosphere

Together kanaka mai kekahi? Ueo - heluna - ola segregated. Ka mea, e hui i loko o nui kaiaulu - biocenoses. A, iwaena o kanaka i loko o ka haawiia mai ke kaiaola ku ae no na la, kela waina o ka pili ma, e like me ka allelopathy, parasitism, mutualism, Competition, trofotsenoticheskie e pili ana. Synecology Pilikanaka i ka pilina ma waena o meaola i i komo i loko o nā kaiaola, a kaupaona i nā ka specificity o interspecies pili o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona o nā subsystems i lilo he kaiāulu hoihoi o nā kaiāulu.

He aha ka mea i manaoia e? Aneeo kahua

Aia i manawa no hoi ia i? Aneie 'epekema mea ole wale i ka manawa "biogeocoenosis", akā, no hoi ia i kekahi mea e like me "ke kaiaola", wahahee e Arthur Tansley. He mau olelo i hoʻohana 'ia i kapa i maoli nenoai a me kā lākou mau eiiiiiaiou: fitosoobschestv a me ka holoholona populations i synecology haʻawina ma muli o ka pokole o ka interconnectedness o nā meaola e noho ana me kā lākou' ia. It E e kaulana i waena o nā hua'ōlelo elua e ole e equated. Kaʻia "biogeocoenose" haawi V. Sukachyov, hāpai he nuiʻano, e like me ka pili ana maoli eiiieaenu me ka pōʻaiapuni o ka mea a me ka ikehu kahe 'ia i loko o ia mau mea. Akā, i ka manaʻo o "ke kaiaola" Ua laha, oi loa ma ka 'epekema a me ka hanohano moʻokalaleo, ma muli o ia kona aerodynamics ua manawa hoʻohana' ia i emi iho i ka laulāʻano o liluwelo eiiieaenu, o ka poe ma kona ano maoli a me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni.

Pähola biogeocoenose V. N. Sukacheva

Nä känaka 'epekema manao i hana ma lalo o ka aoao o ke koʻikoʻi Lūkini biologists Dokuchaev, komo ma ka lepo' epekema, a me Vernadsky - i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka pähola 'ana o ka biosphere. Ma ka hoʻohuiʻia i ka ike o ka geochemistry, o Forest, geobotany V. Sukachev i hana i ka hou ka hoʻopaʻi - biogeocenology. Ua, like hoʻi me synecology - pauku kālaikaiaola, Pilikanaka ka pilina o ke ola meaola i loko o ka biome, e noonoo pono i na kumu hoohalike o interspecific pilina a me ka heluna o na kanaka no a hiki i ka phytoplankton a me zoocenoses. Ma muli o ka manaʻo o ke nä känaka 'epekema, ka papa a pau o ka biosphere piha o ke ola, i ka i loaʻa nō keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka interconversion o biomass a me ka ikehu. Lākou e hana ai e like me ka hookumu ana o ka meaʻai kaula.

Ka mea, nā nā hoʻohua - autotrophic meaola, o ka oi aku kanu. mua, lua, kolu o ka mea hahai consuments, i nā heterotrophs.

Ka hope loulou i loko o ka meaʻai na kaulahao i utilizers o ka make ke aloha mea - decomposers. Mau nā lepo koʻohune, fungi saprotrophs i kekahi nā mea kolo. All kumumea o ka mea ola 'ano, komo pū i loko o nā kaiaola e like me ka lepo, ka wai, i ka lewa, i kapaʻia biotope.

Research Nā Papahana synecological

I ka lā i kakahiaka nui o ka 'epekema, ka noiʻi loaa manaʻikepili me ke kōkua o ka noiʻi - kaua kiʻi e kaua. Ma ka hapalua like-20th kenekulia, ua lilo Hoʻohaku like me ka wahi-a ho okolohua tracer iaoia ia ano, radiotreking. Ma ka 21st kenekulia, ka mea, ua liloʻeleu ana ka hoʻokoloʻana me ke kōkua oʻimi hoʻopunipuni Honua ukali no ka neʻeʻana o ka holoholona populations. No ka laʻana, nui na elelo manamana-māiʻuʻu holoholona, 'ae' radiochipami. Ua haawiia i ka mea e synecology - keia pauku kālaikaiaola, Pilikanaka i ka pilina ma waena o ka helu nui o ka meaola i kekahi i kekahi, i ka noiʻi hoʻohana i ka makemakika a me Ka Ikepili cybernetics. Ka hope ua hoʻohana no ka hōʻulu a me ka wānana 'ana o nā eiiiiiaiou e e i ka' oihana maoli.

E hoʻokolokolo ai i ka loiloi phytosociology

Mea kanu i ka loa nui i komo i loko o ke kaiaola o ke ola. E like me ka hopena o ke kāʻamaʻai, ka mea, i nā mea a pau i nā mea ola a pau i ka ai, e haawi ana i kekahi ikehu no?. Synecology huli aku i ka pilina ma waena o nā eiiiiiaiou a me phytocenosis populations o heterotrophic meaola, nā mea kolo,ʻai-a carnivores.

Ke floristic haku mele 'ana o ke kanu ka noho' ana loa biotsenozov muli o kona kulana huikau a kapa? Ueo richness. Plant meaola i loko o nā kaiaola poe i loko o ka palapala o ka 'ilikai ai, i mea nui i keʻano o ? Aneeo niches. Ke papamoe ka nohona o nā mea kanu i kapaia o mosaic, a, ma ka Akä naÿe i ka layering, iki hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka lōʻihi o ke ao. Akā, ia mea pololei no ia i keʻano o ka pili ma, e like me allelopathy a me ka Competition. Plant ka noho 'ana hoʻololi i kā lākou mauʻano aie i circadian rhythms a me successions, e like me deforestation, geokataklizmy, ahi ululaau.

Nā kumu no nāʻano heluna o ka holoholona populations

Oia ikeiaʻepekema me S. Severtsov, N. V. Turkin, C. L. Elton, aʻo i nā hoʻololi i loko o ka helu ana o na kanaka intraspecific nā kaiāulu. A me Charles Hewitt dala i ka makahiki "ʻale o ke ola". Ka mea ana i loko o maoli eiiieaenu, a me ka trofotsenoticheskimi keʻano o ka hanaʻana i nā hoailona o ka biotic Loaʻaʻia o ke kaiaola. Study o laupaʻiʻano o nā kanaka i ka nui mea hiki nui no ka Anati-ahulau ana i ka pāʻana i ka circadian rhythms o rodents? Aneii, hohola zoonotic maʻi, e like me ahulau, a me ka tularemia. Synecology i huli aku i ka hopena o ke kanaka hana ma ke kūlana zoocenoses, i pau ka ho'ēmiʻana o populations o ka pohihihi a me ka miomio o? Ueony, ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka helu ana i kaiaulu o nā pāʻoihana waiwai holoholona.

Ano o ka pili ma o ka meaola i loko o ka biomes

Hoole i synecology - kālaikaiaola e Haʻawina i ka pilina ma waena o na kanaka o flora a me? Aaoa. O nā mutualism, Competition, allelopathy. No ka laʻana, ma ka phytocenology loa i ike i na mea o ka incompatibility o kekahi o na mea kanu a me kēlā 'ē aʻe:ʻeleʻele walnut kī anaʻawahia no ka laau pome a me ka pohaku hua waiwai inhibits lākou ulu a me ka fruiting, a hoi hele aku ai i ka make ana o mea kanu.

Mutualism - heʻano o ka coexistence o populations o okoa? Ueony, mai a meaola loaa ae pomaikai (ka hermit pāpaʻi a me ke kai anemone, flagellates e noho i loko o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi o nā mea kolo, a kōkua iā lākou hoohiolo no ia i kelulose).

Ka ikehu e loaa hou mai i loko o ka biosphere

Biogeocoenoses aha i ka iwi ola o ka Honua, me ka huli ana ua lawe mai me ka biomass a me ka ikehu, a ua hamama nenoai. Mau nenoai maoli nele he influx o ka malamalama ikehu. Phototrophs kona hoʻohana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha waiwai, na nā lātoma o ATP a me ₂ NADFhN. Synecology - ka 'epekema e Haʻawina ka manao lokahi hou' o biomass a me ka ikehu.

Ka mea, i ka manao o ka? Aneeo pyramid a me kona lako hou kaulahao. ʻano o ka ikaika, mai ka lower trophic kiʻekiʻe i luna nonoi aku nei i ka mau kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea, eia hoi, ke likeʻole ma waena o ka ikehu pae o ka pili Loaʻaʻia dala i 10-20%, oiai ikehu ka i koe, ua dissipated me ka wela. Ma keia pepa mākou e nānā i ka māhele o ka kālaikaiaola - synecology, a loaʻa kāu kiʻina hana o kona noiʻi, a me ka waiwai o ke ola-kākoʻo no ka biosphere.