Una 'ole East' Eulopa papu. Ke kokua ana o ka hikina 'Eulopa Plain

East Europa Plain ka hapa o ka East 'Eulopa anuu. Keia mea he pa alima kahiko a me ka pilina paʻa, a me ka pelupelu ia pili mau hipuu. Ma ka hikina anuu flanked Urals. Una 'ole o ka hikina' Eulopa Plain mea i loko o ka hema ia kona palena me ke Kaiwaenahonua pelupelu ia kāʻei, a Scythian papa, i ninoaaeyao i ka makahiki o ka mālama '-Caucasus a me Crimea. Ka mokuna me ka mea kŰlń ao, mai ka waha mai o ka Danube, ma kaʻEleʻele a me Azov moana.

honua

Complex una 'ole o ka hikina' Eulopa Plain i? Anoee e na kānakaʻepekema. Na poe akamai i kapa ia Lūkini (i loko o ka like me ke anuu). Part o kona hema palena hele ma ka aina Tsimlyansk? Aieeeua. Aia mea he nui 'ā ina anomaly - Luna Nui hikina' Eulopa wanaao ae. Ka 'ole o ka anuu i loko o kēia wahi ka loa paʻakikī, e like me ka mea i loko o juts auka Scythian una.

Aie i ka mea weliweli 'āpana una' ole East 'Eulopa pāpū haoʻa. ʻepekema, ua kaʻawale nā lehelehe nui-i ka pale kaua (Ukrainian a me Baltic) e like me kekahi mau wahi o ka papau a me ka hohonu kīhei pili kahua. Ua Ua hakuʻia no Archean, Proterozoic a me ke kaumaha me ka ho okumu.

Archean strata

Tiered una 'ole o ka hikina' Eulopa Plain mea i ke kahua, ua waihoia i loko o ka wahi o ka Baltic Kuahene ma Karelia a me ke kola Peninsula. ʻO ia ke e malama mai i ka Archean, ahu iho i loko o Konotop, Podolsky a me Dnieper huihui ikehu lā. Here ia i ua poe e amphibolites, migmatites a me gneisses. Ma kēia mau pōhaku nui he mau huhui o ferruginous quartzite a me ka graphite. Lākou mau makahiki - ma kahi o 3 miliona makahiki.

Kekahi laʻana o ka Archean, ahu iho - Voronezh anticline, kahi o ka hookumu ana ua kau ma luna o ka ole hohonu loa. Ua ninoieo o ka lua pele me ka ho okumu a me femic. Kēia mau pōhaku i wehewehe aku ma ka helu nui o intrusions o kaʻakika a me ka walaʻauʻana haku mele 'ana, i ka makahiki o ka i mea e pili ana i 2,7 miliona makahiki.

Hakumakuma a me ka hooulu ana i na

Holo nōhie, ka hikina Europa Plain - he anuu uhi i ua pelupelu ia sediments o ka Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic a me Cenozoic'āina. Russian kumu slab i kekahi haoʻa kokua o ka hookumu ana o ka hale. Kona 'ole ua maheleia i eha iniiaiie cii subsidences a me uplifts. Ka mea, alternately 'ē aʻe i kekahi i kekahi. 'O kēia ka Caspian wahi o ka subsidence, uplift Sarmatian wahi, Baltic-Central Lūkini wahi o ka subsidence a uplift i ka Baltic wahi.

Ka awelika mana o ka anuu mea mai ka 35 a hiki i 40 kilomika (i kā mākou mana paa ma Voronezh anticlise - 55 kilomika kahiʻia naʻe pōhakuʻalā, ahu iho i keia manawa). Palena iki nui pili i ka Caspian syncline. Hookiekie ana pōhakuʻalā, ahu iho alakaiia e crustal thinning Pachelma aulacogene.

Caspian e kū'ē i

Na He kokekau wale makahiki o ka hikina 'Eulopa Plain - 1.6-2.6 miliona makahiki (ka mea kahiko o kona kahua i aia ma ka hikina loa). Ma ka lōʻihi-ku huihui ikehu lā nā Tatar, Caspian a me Zhiguli-Pugachevsky. Ka mea, kaʻana protoplatformenny hihia. Ka nui loa kū'ē - Caspian. I Samara a me Saratov māhū-Volga Volga e loaʻa i ka luawai. Lakou i hoike mai kiʻekiʻe alumina Archean gneisses a me schists.

Caspian kaua ma ka lilo o ka i me ka nānā 'ana i ke kiekie o ka hikina' Eulopa Plain ma kona hema-hikina mokuna, okoa kekahi hohonu 'ole. Ma kona kikowaena malaila mea he māpala, ahu iho, akā, i ka manawa e ala hou ma ka pōhakuʻalā, a Aralsorskom Hobdinskom umekaumaha ke kiekie. Kekahi kiʻi ma luna o nā outskirts o ka hoʻonohonoho. Aia He makana he thinned ahu iho la ka māpala.

Prikaspiyskaya syneclise nā nui paakai Dome. Ma kona komohana a me ka akau aoao he mea hohonu hewa (Volgograd ke kahua, Yulia Zhadovskaya kaʻe Tokarevskaya flexure). Ke kumu, ua kuu iho la i ka hohonu o ka 25 kilomika. Salt Dome i loa hoʻomohala ma Guryev wahi. Lākou nui like 'ole hiki e haneri oʻahā like kilomika. Ka mea, i triangular, hoʻopoepoe a me ka elliptical shape ahiahi. Ua nui loa ka paʻakai Dome - Chelkarsky, Dossorsky, Inder, Makat, Eltonsky a me kō-Lebyazhinsky.

Syncline a me ka anticline

Moscow syneclise - ka mea nui i loko o ka Lūkini anuu. Oia, i loko o kona kikowaena hapa o ka East 'Eulopa Plain. Photo a me ka noiʻi kanaka hulihonua hōʻike i kona'ākau kaʻe, he mau punohu (Soligalichskoe a me Sukhonsky). Ka hapanui loa o ka syncline ua kuu iho kokoke Syktyvkar, i hiki ke Hahai I kekahi mau paakai Dome (Seregovskie Dome), kukulu iho la o Devonian paʻakai. Kona kumu i Srednerussky aulacogene hoopihaia me ka ahu iho la ka momona.

ʻO kekahi mea nui hehee ai o ka una pāpū - ka Volga-Ural anticline. Ua ninoieo o ke kaumaha nui a me ka elevations. Anticline ua wehewehe aku e ka luna '' ole. Kona papa kuhikuhiE elevation - Tokmovsky vault ma Mordovia. E like me ka anticlise puka kī wahi? Aiiioe? - ka Volga. Other nui muliwai o ka hikina 'Eulopa Plain (ka Don, Dnieper, Western Dvina) emi iki mahope o ia iā ia i loko o ka wai ÿauÿau wahi a me nā' ano.

ke ola

Ka awelika kiʻekiʻe o ka hikina 'Eulopa Plain i 170 mau mika. Ke kiekie loa ana i hoʻopaʻa 'ia ma ka Ural puu ma Tatarstan (479 mau mika). I mau, ka mea i lalo'āina loli aʻe ke kaumaha ma muli o ka māhele 'āina. Ke kikowaena hapa Ua maheleia i loko o kekahi mau alternating kai a me ka uka. I ka mua o ia ua aia ma ke awawa o ka Oka, ma ka akau o Donetsk huahelu. Kēia Upland. Iloko o ka Dnieper glaciation ka mea i uhi ia e kekahi me ka hauneneʻe. Kēia Ua e hoikeike ai ma ka ano hoʻokomo kālā, a me ka moraine ma ke kapa akau o ka Oka, kokoke Serpukhov.

Na Urals o Bugulmino-Belebei puu. Ua Ua hilly a steeply ihona hene plateau. Ua Ua hakuʻia o ka siltstone, limestone, ka palolo, a me ka marl sandstone. He nui karst puka a me na lua. Erosive kokua dissected ma ka muliwai - hoʻokupu o ka Volga, Kama a me Belaya. Hill waiwai aila (Romashkinskoye, Tuymazinskoe, Shkapovskoe). Akahai haahaa ulu lāʻau nawaliwali ma mua o ka luna syrts.

Volga Upland

Ma ke kapa akau o ka Volga hoʻomaka Volga Upland. Ua hiki mai Volgograd a hiki i Nizhny Novgorod, a me ke komohana mea pili i Tambov awāwa. Ke kokua East Europa papu i loko o kēia māhele i hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o ka pōhaku luku, ma hope a ma laila i hanaʻia o ka lepo, one, chalk, marl a me ka alabata. A pau kēia mau hoʻokomo kālā i Paleocene, Canyon a me ka Cretaceous.

More kahiko a me ka paa Permian a me ka Carboniferous limestone outcrop ma luna o nā kapa o ke Samara lena. Mawaena o ka hoʻokomo kālā e kekahi kahińuli na sandstones ikaika. Ka mea pōaka hale ilalo o ka Volga uka ua kuu iho la i ka mea i oi aku ka hohonu (ma kahi o 800 mau mika).

Ua kokoke i ka Oka-Don pāpū, ka hoemiia nui ili honua. Volga pali kahi haahaa, a dissected ma na awawa, a me ka lehulehu gullies. No ka mea, o keia, ma laila i hana haka'āina.

Total Sirt a me Oka-Don awāwa

Total Sirt - kekahi mea nui loa o ke kokua, i mea okoa no ka hikina 'Eulopa Plain. Photos o kēia māhele i ka mokuna o Rusia a me aneea oneiaey hōʻike āpana chernozem, chestnut soils a me Saline soils maʻamau i loko o ka watersheds a me ka muliwai awawa. Nohona ma Syrt Zavolzhe helu kuhi puke i a kŰlń ao no ka 500 kilomika hikina. Ua Uaʻano nui aia i loko o ka wahi ma waena o ka mea nui a me ka uuku Irgiz Irgiz, ma ka hikina e pili ana i ka Hawaiian Urals.

Ma waena o Privolzhskaya a Upland ke aupuni 'Oka-Don papu. Kona'ākau hapa ua iʻikeʻia me Meschera. Ka palena'ākau o na kai o Oka. Ma ka hema o kona maoli palena - Kalach Upland. An nui hapa o ke awāwa - Oka-Tsninsky mau lala. Ua hiki ma Morshansk, Kasimov a me ka hooponopono ana. Ma ka'ākau wahi o ka Oka-Don papu i hana mai mauʻaʻei ka hoʻokomo kālā, a ma ke kūkulu hema ka mea, o ka hookumu ana o ke one.

Valdai a Northern Uvaly

Ka nui East 'Eulopa Plain ua ma waena o ka' Akelanika 'a me ka Arctic moana ke aupuni'. Nā bola o nā muliwai e kahe i loko o ia mau mea, e hoʻomaka ana i ka Hills Valdai. Kona kiekie loa - 346 mau mika. Valdai ua ke aupuni 'o Smolensk, Tver a me Novgorod wahi. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma hilly moraine lapa-a me ke ola. Aia nō he wahi lihi iki o ka lepo wai a me ic ?? (me Lake Seliger a me Verhnevolzhskie).

Ke northernmost hapa o ka hikina 'Eulopa Plain - Hawaiian Uvaly. Ka mea, kūlana 'i ka mokuna o ka repubalika o Komi, Kostroma, Kirov a me Vologda wahi. Oia no ka puu, i nā emi ma ka northerly olelo a ka meaʻanuʻu ku ei ka White, a Barents moana. Kona i kā mākou kiʻekiʻe - 293 mau mika. Northern Uvaly - watershed pa holoi ana o ka Northern Dvina, a me ka Volga.

Black Sea awāwa

Ma ka hema-komohana o ka hikina 'Eulopa Plain welau ma ka Black Sea papu, Aia ma luna o ka mokuna o Ukraine, a Moldova. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao ka mea, ua kau palena ia ana e ka Danube aaeuoa, a ma ka 'ē aʻe - Azov Kalminus muliwai. Ka Black Sea awāwa ka loaʻa o neogenovyh a paleogenovyh kaikea (lepo, one a me ka limestone). Ka mea, wahi Lok a me ka loess.

Papu awawa i kela kapa ma kekahi mau kahawai: i ka Dniester, Hawaiian pilikia a me Dnieper. Ko lakou mau kapaʻokoʻa pali a me ka pinepine Hāneʻe. Ma ka mokuna nui estuaries (Dniester, Dnieper, a no laila, ma luna o. D.). Kekahi recognizable hiʻona - he nui o ke one e kuhakuha aku ana. Ma ka Black Sea awawa Kīwala'ō hehi panorama me ka pouli eleele a me ka eleele lepo. He waiwai mahiʻai pūʻali.