Helu, a Nine Inch waiwai o ka luaipele

Luaipele - 'ano, he pono ole i ke ano maoli Nine Inch hehee ai (umikumamaono ia ka maʻiʻo ma ka honua i ka pńpa a me ka ono - i loko o maoli wai). Aia i na kanaka maoli luaipele (noa moku'āina hehee ai) a me kona wahi i pili.

Luaipele ma ke ano maoli

Mawaena o ka mea nui maoli luaipele nā minelala hao hiki ke kapa hao pyrite, sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, stibnite. Nā moana naʻano nui i loko o ka palapala o ke kalipuna sulphate, makanekiuma a me ka paʻakai ma o na la rigidity o maoli wai.

Pehea e loaaʻi ka luaipele?

Pōʻalo o ka sulfur na mea i eliia hua mai ma kekahi ano. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka luaipele o kona smelting pololei ma ka situ.

Open hoʻouku iaoia komo ai i ka hoʻohana 'ana o nā mīkini hoʻeliʻeli, wehe wao pōhaku papa i uhi sulfuric i eliia. Ma hope o kaomi i ka mea e hoohehee ai ulana o poha kuhikuhi 'ana i kā lākou seroplavilny mea kanu.

I hana, luaipele ua loaa me he he hopena ia o keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o umu no ka heheʻe, i hoohehee maemae au ia. I ka nui mea, ia mea i loaʻa i loko o maoli kinoea (i loko o ka palapala o ka sulfur dioxide i ole hydrogen sulfide), ka pōʻalo o i ua waiho ma luna o nā paia o ka lako a pan i hoʻohana. Trapped kinoea mai ka luaipele ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka lole Nine Inch hana like maka mea no? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kela huahana.

Kēia mea hiki ke hoomakaukauia mai maoli a me ka sulfur dioxide i. E hana i kēia, e hoʻohana i ka iaoiaeii Claus. Ua ninoieo i loko o ka palapala noi o "luaipele lua" ma a he mea he luaipele degassing. I ka hopena o ka Hoʻololi 'luaipele e hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o anoaeuoiauo.

XIX. Allotropic nā loli luaipele

Luaipele hoʻomaopop 'ana i allotropy. A nui helu o allotropic ka hoʻololi 'ana. Ua kaulana loa i ka orthorhombic (mea pōaka), monoclinic (kui kele ma) a me ka ea luaipele. Ka mua mau ka hoʻololi 'ana i ka pilina paʻa, i ke kolu o ka i solidification ua hoohuliia i ka rhombic.

Ke kino ai ka waiwai i emi iho luaipele

Nā lātoma o orthorhombic (α-S) a me ka monoclinic (β-S) pihaʻi me ka hoʻololi 'ana i 8 luaipele nā'ātoma, a i pili i loko o ka paʻa loop ma ka hookahi covalent paa.

Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, luaipele i ka rhombic nā loli. He He melemele mea pōaka paa i ka pa apŘ o 2,07 g. / Knm ^3. Ua heheʻe ma 113 ° C. Monoclinic ka sulfur nuʻa ua 1,96 g. / Knm ^3, kona mahele heheʻe i ka mahana o 119,3 ° C.

Ma ka hauneneʻe luaipele piʻina ma ka buke, a lilo yellow wai i huli eleele i 160 ° C, a hoohuliia mai i loko o ka h ÷ pouli eleele nuipa a ma luna o hiki ma kahi o 190 ° C. I ke anawela ma luna o kēia nui ka luaipele (viscosity) emi. Ma kahi o 300 ° C ka mea hou i ke kinowai ai flowable moku'āina. He mea no ka mea, i loko o ka hahana maoli nō kēia kaʻina ua polymerized luaipele, me ka mahuahua ana wela e māhuahua kaula lōʻihi. A i ka wā o ka waiwai o ka mahana ma 190 ° C he mea ka make ana o polymerized naehana.

I anuanu maila i ka mahele heheʻe i ka luaipele maoli ai i hanaʻia ma ka paukūʻolokaʻa He ipu hoʻoheheʻe no laila,-kapaia popo luaipele - rhombic nā pōaka o ka nui Ana, me he nānaina shape o octahedrons me ka hapa "kua" lua penei paha kihi.

Inā ka mea i hoʻoheheʻeʻia ua malalo i hoopio ai hoi i (e laʻa me, ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka wai anu), ia mea hiki ke loaa ka ea luaipele, mea he resilient rubbery nui eleele aʻulaʻeleʻele, a me ka pa apŘ o 2,046 g. / Knm ^3. Keia hooponopono hou, e like me ka orthorhombic a me ka monoclinic mea lolelua. Ua (ma luna o kekahi mau hola), e hoʻololi 'ia nā pōpō i melemele, i brittle, a huli i loko o ka rhombic.

I ka ke kūpaleʻana ka sulfur mahu (loa wela) kinowai naikokene 'ano apau loa purpurea kona hoʻololi', i mea eii? I mahana ma lalo hua 80 ° C.

Ke koʻana koko meakino Ua kokoke insoluble luaipele. Naʻe ka mea, wehewehe aku ma ka maikai solubility i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe. Ilihune alakaʻi mele o ka uila a me ka wela.

Ka baila aʻela i wahi o ka luaipele mea 444,6 ° C. Paila kaʻina pu ma liberation o ka alani-yellow fumes he kuhikuhi o S ₈ nā lātoma i dissociate ma luna mahope hahana maoli nō kēia, kūpono ma ka ho okumu ana o equilibrium ano S _6, S ₄ a me S _2. Eia, i ka wa wela decomposes nui nā lātoma, a ma ka wela ma luna o 900 degere hui komoʻano nui o ka S ₂ nā lātoma _dissociate i loko o nā'ātoma ma 1500 ° C.

He aha ka mea i ka sulfur Nine Inch waiwai?

Luaipele mea he typical ole-mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Chemically kaila. 'okesaside - ka ho'ēmiʻana waiwai o ka luaipele e hōʻike ma ka pili ana i ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka oihana mua. I ka enaena, ka mea hiki ke hoopuni i pili me ka aneane na kumu a pau, a wehewehe kona OAXA alo o ka mea hao i eliia. Ke koe o Pt, Au, au _2, N ₂ a me ka pohihihi keia kinoea. 'okesaside i hoike mai ai ia me ka luaipele i huiʻia, -2, +4, +6.

Mall luaipele a me ka oxygen i kona'ā ea. I ka hopena o keia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ke kahua o ka sulfur dioxide i (¶ I ₂₎ a me ka luaipele (¶ I ₃₎ anhydrides hoʻohana i ka paka sulfurous a me ka sulfuric nāʻakika.

I mehana ea, e hoikeia mai i ka luaipele ka ho'ēmiʻana waiwai wale nō i loko o ka mahalo o ka fluorine i loko o ka naoh i konaʻano a ka sulfur hexafluoride :

• S + 3F ₂ = SF _6.

Ma ka paio hahana maoli nō (i loko o ka mahele heheʻe i ka) ua reacted me chlorine, phosphorus, silikone, kalapona. Nā reactions me hydrogen sulfide ka hydrogen hou pepa sulfane hui mau haʻilula H ₂ S _H.

Oxidative waiwai malama luaipele ma naoh me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ma kekahi mau hihia, i kekahi ke malama pono loa i ka ikaika naoh. Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia sulfides hana (luaipele i huiʻia) a me polysulfides (mnogosernistye ke hooheheeia).

Hooloihi ae i paio hahana maoli nō pane koke me nāʻakika ikaika, oxidants, kahi o ka oxidized.

Next, noonoo i ka walaʻauʻana waiwai o ka luaipele i huiʻia.

sulfur dioxide i

Ka sulfur'okesaside (IV), i haawi ia ia e like me ka sulfur dioxide i a me ka sulfurous anhydride, o ke kinoea (colorless) me kaʻoi kńnaka ala. Ua mālama i ia e liquefied ma lalo o puʻe i mehana ea. ¶ I ₂ o kaʻakika'okesaside. Ua wehewehe aku ma ka pono wai solubility. Kēia i ka mea nawaliwali, lolelua ka sulfurousʻakika, a koe wale nō i loko o koʻana koko pāʻoihana. Ke naoh o ka sulfur dioxide i me ka mekala 'åkilikai sulfites hana.

Ua loaʻa i keʻano kiʻekiʻe Nine Inch hope. Ka hapanui o haʻi i nā waiwai o ka Nine Inch ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka sulfur'okesaside (IV). Oia reactions pū 'oe me kekahi hua i loko o ka degere o ka sulfur'okesaside.

Oxidative Nine Inch waiwai hoikea mai ka sulfur'okesaside ma ke alo o ka ikaika hoemi konohiki (e laʻa me, kalapona monoxide).

ka sulfur trioxide

Ka sulfur trioxide (sulfur dioxide i) - ka kiʻekiʻe loa'okesaside o ka luaipele (VI). Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, ia mea he colorless yiaeaiiacaaeneiie wai a me ke kńnaka ala. Ua mālama i ka pa ahau i wela nā loina haʻahaʻa ma mua o 16,9 degere. Ma keia hihia, he läÿau, he okoa aniani ka hoʻololi 'ana o ka paa luaipele trioxide. High ka sulfur'okesaside hygroscopic waiwai i kona "dymlenie" i loko o nā kumu o nā hua ea. E like me ka hopena, ho okumu o sulfuricʻakika droplets.

hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide mea he aeaie Nine Inch huina lakou o ka hydrogen a me ka luaipele. H ₂ S - mea heʻawahia colorless kinoea, i ke ano hiʻona o i mea ala ono a me ka ala o popopo hua. Ua heheʻe i ka wela o ka hua 86 ° C a me ka maʻi hēhē ma -60 ° C. Thermally lolelua. I ka mahana Values kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 400 ° C kumu decomposition o ka hydrogen sulfide i S a me H _2. Ua wehewehe aku ma ka maikai solubility ma ethanol. hoike mai poorly i ka wai. E like me ka hopena o ka noho male 'ana i loko o ka wai' ano apau loa hydrogen sulfide nawaliwaliʻakika. Hydrogen sulfide mea he ikaika hoemi hope paha.

Flammable. Ma kona'ā ea hiki mālama uliuli lapalapa. Ma kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻohui like ka mea, hiki ke pane koke me na mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

sulfuricʻakika

Sulfuricʻakika (H ₂ ¶ ₄₎ hiki e ana o kekahi mau nā hoʻohui like a me ka maemae. Ke anhydrous moku'āina mea he colorless oily wai ka ole ala.

ke ana wela i i ka waiwai ua maule iho la, He 10 ° C. Baila aʻela i wahi mea 296 ° C. hoike mai i pono i ka wai. I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe sulfuric i hanaʻakika hydrates, me ka nui nui o ka wela. Ka baila aʻela i wahi o koʻana koko pāʻoihana ma ka puʻe o ka 760 mm o Hg. Art. oi aku mamua o 100 ° C. Mahuahua ka baila aʻela i wahi ia lŘlŘ me ka māhuahuaʻakika lehulehu.

Kaʻakika waiwai o ka meaʻikeʻia i loko o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka hoʻokumu paʻa oxides a me nā kumu. H ₂ ¶ ₄ o ka diacid, pela ke hana me sulfates (paʻakai meakino) a me hydrosulfates (ʻakika paʻakai), ka hapanui o ka i mea wailana i loko o ka wai.

Keia ua loa pono hoike waiwai sulfuricʻakika ma redox reactions. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka nui, e hoike ana o ka haku mele 'ana o H ₂ ¶ ₄ i ka lani kiekie loa degere o ka sulfur'okesaside (6). E like me he kumu hoike ana mai o ka oxidative waiwai o sulfuricʻakika hiki ka hopena i naoh me ke keleawe:

• Cu + 2H ₂ ¶ ₄ = CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + ¶ I _2.

Luaipele: maikaʻi kēia waiwai

Luaipele mea he kumumea'āweʻaweʻa nui no ka noho ana meaola. He He hapa o ka'amino nāʻakika (methionine a me ka cysteine), nā'ūhū a me nā wikamina. Kēia hehee ai ua komo i loko o ke kahua o ka tertiary 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo. Ka nui o chemically ua nakiiia ma luaipele na i loko o nā nā polokina, mea ma ke kaupaonaʻana, mai 0,8 i 2.4%. Ka maʻiʻo o ka hehee ai i loko o ke kanaka kino mea e pili ana 2 nā huna no 1 kg o ke kaupaonaʻana (a laila, ma kahi o 0.2% o ka luaipele).

Pono keia mau mea waiwai o ka kumumea'āweʻaweʻa hiki ole ke overestimated. Mālama i ka protoplasm o ke koko, luaipele mea heʻeleu Hope i ke kino i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i nā palapala koʻohune. Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke dala o ka clotting, i mea he hehee ai kōkua e malama i kona kūponoʻilikai. Luaipele Radio no hoi i ke kūlana i loko o ka malama ana mahana maʻamau o ka bile lehulehu hua mai ma ke kino.

"Beauty mea pōhaku" ka mea, ua pinepine kapa, no ka mea, i loa nō hoʻi e malama i ke ola o ka ili, lauoho a me nā kui. Luaipele hoʻomaopop 'ana i hana e hoʻopale ai i ke kino e kū'ē i nāʻano likeʻole o io? Aneie hopena. Ua kōkua e 'ūlōlohi mai ana i ka kūnewa kaʻina. Luaipele huikala ai i ke kino o toxins, a i malama, mai ka pāhawewe, i mea oi loa aku hoi nui manawa, haawi i kaʻikena? Aneie kulana.

Lawa dala o ka kumumea nā kumumea i loko o ke kino ke alakai i ka poe ilihune ana o toxins, haʻahaʻa e hoʻonele a me ka vitality.

Luaipele - he aku i komo o ka mea koʻohune kāʻamaʻai. He He ke keʻena o ka bacteriochlorophyll a me ka hydrogen sulfide - i ke kumu o ka hydrogen.

Sera: ka waiwai a me ka palapala noi ma ka hana

Ka loa hoʻomano hoʻohana luaipele e paka sulfuricʻakika. A me na waiwai o keia mea i kona hoʻohana no ka vulcanization o laholio, me he fungicide ma ka mahiai a me ka hiki lāʻau (colloid luaipele). Eia hoʻi, ua hoʻohana luaipele no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ihoiho a me pyrotechnic mele, ia mea he hapa ia no ka hana ana i na mele serobitumnyh seroasfalta.