Hoomanao e ana i keena me ka ikehu. kumu o ka ikaika

Mai na keena a pau e noho ana meaola, koe wale nā mea hoʻomaʻi. Ka mea, i nā mea a pau e pono ai no ke ola keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka mea kanu a me ka holoholona. Cell a i iho e ke kaʻawale kino. A pehea hiki ia i ka luna '' ole e noho ai me ka ikehu? O ka holo ana mai. No laila, pehea e oe hōʻoia 'he mea aeea ikehu? Ua Ua nānā ma ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i e e kūkā mai ma lalo nei.

E hoomanao e aeee ikehu: pehea 'aʻole ia hiki mai?

Mau keena kiʻi lākou ikehu mai ka waho, ka mea paha ia lakou iho. Eukaryotic aeee i ke ano o "wahi". A me ke kumu o ka ikaika i loko o ka halepaahao o na mitochondria - organelles i ia paha ke. He ke kaʻina hana o ka halepaahao ka hanu. Ma muli o ia mea, a he mea malama o na keena me ka ikehu. Eia naʻe, ka mea e noho wale nō i loko o mea kanu, holoholona a me nā fungi. Ma aeee nele mitochondria koʻohune. No laila, ka mea i e hōʻoia i ka halepaahao ikehu meaʻano nui no i ke kaʻina o ka fermentation, a me ka ole ha.

Ka 'ole o ka mitochondria

Ua dvumembranny organelle, iʻikeʻia i loko o ka eukaryotic aeea i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka evolution like me ka hopena o ke omo o konaʻoi aʻe prokaryotic keena. Kēia e wehewehe i ka mea i loko o nā mitochondria haawi kona iho DNA, a RNA like hoʻi me mitochondrial ribosomes e paka i ka makemake nā polokina organelles.

Ke pāʻili lahilahi i protuberances, i ka poe i kaheaia ke crista paha kualono. Christie a me ke kaʻina hana o ka halepaahao ka hanu.

He aha ka mea i loko o nā membranes elua, i kapaia o ka'ōpū mai. Ua hooponopono nā polokina, nā'ūhū pono e hōʻeleu i Nine Inch reactions, e like me RNA nā lātoma, DNA a me ribosomes.

Ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā - i ke kumu o ke ola

Ua lawe wahi i loko o ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. E ka nānā i kēlā me kēia o kēia i loko o hou au mamuli.

Ka mua ke kahua - e hoomakaukau ai

Iloko o keia kahua, ua hoohioloia luna 'ke aloha i huiʻia i loko o simpler. No laila, na nā polokina decompose e'amino nāʻakika, i ka momona, - i carboxylic nāʻakika a me glycerol, nukeleaʻakika - i nucleotides, a me carbohydrates - e monakō koko.

glycolysis

Ua anoxic ke kahua. , Ae waiho nei i loko o ka mea ana i ka waiwai i loaa i loko o ka pae mua, e wāwahi iho no hoi ia. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka ikehu hoʻohana ma o ka halepaahao i keia kahua - ka monakō koko nā lātoma. Kēlā me kēia no ia mea i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka glycolysis decomposes i nā nā lātoma o pyruvate. Kēia ia lŘlŘ i ka umi Poʻokela Nine Inch reactions. No ka mea, o ka mua elima, monakō koko mea phosphorylated, a laila kēia mahaeʻana i loko o nā phosphotriose. Ma ke kēia elima reactions he mau nā lātoma o ATP (adenosine triphosphate) a me nā nā lātoma o STC (pyruvicʻakika). Energy keena, a ua waiho ia ma ka palapala o ATP.

Ka a pau kaʻina hana o ka glycolysis hiki ke Nohie e kolo `like penei:

2ADF 2NAD + + 2H ₃ PO ₄ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → 2H ₂ O + ^2NAD. + 2c ₂ H ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 2ATF

Penei, ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi lātoma o ka monakō koko, elua nā lātoma o ADP, a mau phosphoricʻakika, o ka halepaahao loaa mau nā lātoma o ATP (ikehu) a me nā nā lātoma o pyruvicʻakika, i ka mea e hana i loko o ka ia mua.

Ke kolu o ke kahua -'okesaside

Kēia ka anu u ia lŘlŘ wale nō i loko o ke alo o ka oxygen. Nine reactions ana i loko o kēia kahua o nā mitochondria. I keia mea no ka nui loa o ke kelepona hele ka hanu, oiai i kuu i ka loa ikehu. Ma kēia kahua, pyruvicʻakika, reacts me ka o oxygen, Ua pili pono i ka wai a me ka o carbon dioxide. A eia hoi, ka mea, ua ho okumu i 36 ATP nā lātoma. Pela, ua hiki ke manao nei makou i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka ikaika i loko o aeee - monakō koko a me ka pyruvicʻakika.

Hōʻuluʻulu i ka Nine Inch naoh, a me ka hōʻike pū 'ana me nā lāliʻi, ua hiki ka hoike i ka pau kaʻina hana o ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā hoʻokahi Nohie helu kaulike.

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6SO ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Penei, i ha mai kekahi monakō koko lātoma eono oxygen ma nā lātoma kanakolu ewalu nā lātoma o ADP, a me ka hookahi dala o phosphoricʻakika aeea ke launa i ka 38 ATP nā lātoma, a me kahi i loko o ka palapala o ka waiho waho ikehu.

Ke 'ano o ka mitochondrial nā'ūhū

Ka ikehu no ke ola o ka halepaahao loaa ana ma muli o ka hanu nā -'okesaside o ka monakō koko, a laila, pyruvicʻakika. A pau o kēia mau Nine Inch reactions hiki ole lawe wahi me nā'ūhū - liluwelo catalysts. E ka nana aku i ka poe e i loaʻa i loko o ka mitochondria - organelles kuleana no ke kelepona hele ka hanu. A pau o lakou, ua kapaia oxidoreductases no ka mea, o ka pono no ka'okesaside-ka ho'ēmiʻana reactions.

All oxidoreductases hiki ke maheleia i mau pūʻulu.

• oxidase;
• dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenase, ma ka huli, ua mahele ia i loko o aerobic a me ka anaerobic. Aerobic komo i loko o kā lākou haku mele 'ana coenzyme riboflavin ana i ke kino i loaʻa mai ka wikamina B2. Aerobic dehydrogenase hoʻohui pū nā lātoma like coenzymes NAD a me NADP.

Oxidases i oi like. Mua o nā mea a pau, ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu:

• ka poe i loaʻa keleawe;
• ka poe ma a kekahi hapa o ka hao i keia manawa.

Ka mua nā polyphenol, ascorbate, a hiki i ka lua - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. Ka la mahope, i ka huli, ua mahele ia i loko o eha pūʻulu:

• cytochromes he;
• cytochrome b.;
• cytochrome l;
• cytochromes d.

Cytochromes, a komo i loko o ko lākou haku mele 'ana zhelezoformilporfirin, cytochromes e - zhelezoprotoporfirin, e - hookomoia zhelezomezoporfirin, b - zhelezodigidroporfirin.

Hiki loaʻa e'ē aʻe aoao e paka ikehu?

I loko nō o ka mea i ka hapanui o nā keena hookipa ia me ka hopena o ke kelepona hele ka hanu, eia no hoi anaerobic koʻohune e nei i mai ole i oxygen. Ka mea, paka ka mea e pono ai ikehu ma fermentation. He He kaʻina manawa i carbohydrates i hoʻohioloʻia e nā'ūhū me ka komo o ka oxygen, ai ka halepaahao, a loaʻa ka ikehu. He nui na ano o ka fermentation, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka huina hoonui hope loa o Nine Inch reactions. He lacticʻakika, ka waiʻona, butyricʻakika, acetone, butane, citricʻakika.

No ka laʻana, noonoo ke kanakaʻona mau fermentation. Here oe ke hoike i kēia helu kaulike.

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO ₂

Oia hoi, kekahi lātoma o monakō koko, mai hemo mai ka bacterium i kekahi lātoma o ethanol a me nā nā lātoma o (IV) kalapona monoxide.