I ka mana o ka DNA a me kona 'ole

Ma ka naau o na keena e noho ana o ka meaola nui oihana, he oihana o liluwelo polymers, nukelea nāʻakika, carbohydrates, nā polokina a me lipids. Biopolymers he poe monomers, hydrocarbon hale, a i nā naikokene, oxygen, ka luaipele a me phosphorus.

Ma ka 19th kenekulia, i hoʻoili i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka' ole o ka 'ona e lakou i ke ola aeea, akā, i ka hana o ka DNA, nā polokina, RNA, a me kā lākou' ole i loko pono'ī hoʻoholo i loko o ka 20th kenekulia.

Friedrich Miescher i ka 1868, kaʻawale mai ka aeea nuclei phosphorous leukocytes, a kapa aku la ia nukleina. A laila, Richard Altman i ka MH 1889 i manao ai i keia waiwai ninoieo o kūikawā nāʻakika a me kumuʻiʻo. A laila, no ka manawa mua a me ka lohe e pili ana i ka manawa "nukeleaʻakika". Eia naʻe, e hookupaa aku i ka hana o nukelea nāʻakika Ua nō lōʻihi aku.

DNA - deoxyribonucleicʻakika - o ka nui loa liluwelo polymers haku o monomers haneri - deoxyribonucleotides. I kā lākou haku mele 'ana, koe kōpaʻa (deoxyribose), mai nā' 4 ano o nucleotides: adenine - A, thymidine - T, cytosine - C, guanine - G.

Ka manawa mua i noʻonoʻo i ka DNA nukeleaʻakika o ka holoholona ka molekumu o, no ka mea, i kaʻawale mai ka thymus o nā holoholona, a me RNA i kaʻawale mai ka palaoa germ - nō hoʻi. Ua Ua manaoio ia ma hope i loaʻa ka biochemical likeʻole ma waena o kēia lāhui kanaka Hawaiʻi keena teny a me nā holoholona. Naʻe, i loko o ka waena o ka iwakalua kenekulia loaʻa ka mea, ua RNA a me ka DNA i komo i loko o nā mea a pau keena.

Koke 'ole, i lilo ai këia nukelea nāʻakika Erwin Chargaff, ka mea i loko o nâ makahiki 1953 ike ia nucleotides mea i kekahi hapa o ka ia inoaʻakika palapala hui me ka ikaika regularity.

Ka pilina mau lawe i kekahi pyrimidine a me purine kumu o kekahi, T = C, A = T. ia mea, adenine e hoopaa ana i ka thymidine a me ka guanine - me ka cytosine.

A no ka DNA papa nui i ka pili ana ma ka hihia mua hoʻolako 'hydrogen 2 hui, a me ka lua - ekolu.

Chargaff mau rula hoao kumu ma luna a Watson a me Crick kūkulu 'ole o ka DNA papalua helix.

Ma keia lātoma, e like me ka kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma, okoa iniiaiie, kiʻekiʻe a me ka tertiary hale.

Na iniiaiie 'ole - he laina kaʻina o monomers i loko o ka hookahi kaulahao.

O ka papa, ma ke ano o ka DNA i loko o ka hoʻokahi kaulahao, aole ia i hana, akā, 'aneʻi mākou e pili ana i ka iniiaiie' ole o biopolymers, i Ho'ākāka 'a pau o kona waiwai e kamailio pu ana.

Secondary 'ole - he māhele ano o ka biopolymer. Ma ka hihia o ka DNA ia mea he polynucleotide i na kaulahao elua, kela mea keia mea o ka i, ua haika ia ma ka helix akau, a koe pu ia mau poʻe hoʻoluli i loko o ka clockwise kuhikuhi ana e pili ana i ka mea he pono ole iho (axis). e paa ia i na koa o kēia mau kaulahao hydrogen ka ponaʻana. Ke tertiary 'ole o ka DNA helix nā lātoma hou hoakaka.

A kanaka nunui mua aku i i me ka loaʻa i ka hana o ka DNA mea, e hoolilo a me ka waiho waho pūnaewele o aaiaoe 'ike. DNA loaʻa ka aaiaoe? Ia? Aiiu o ka 'ole o nā polokina, i ho'ākāka' ana no kēlā me kēia meaola. I mai la lakou, a me ka RNA nā lātoma hoolilo aku i ka aaiaoe ike mai ka meaola i ka meaola. Ke DNA mea i kuleana no ka manaʻo a me ka aaiaoe ike. Ka mea, o ka pae'āina ma ka Ekolu a keʻano o ka hanaʻana, replication a me ka unuhi, pela kaulike ai ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā nā polokina.