Ka kūkuluʻana - ia ... Gorbachev ka perestroika. Iloko o na makahiki perestroika

Inā he maʻamau awelika kanaka i ola makou mahope o ka lua o ka hapalua o na eighties i loko o ka makahiki o ke kumu, i kēia lā e noi aku e wehewehe pokole keia manawa, me ka pane i loko o ka hapanui hoopii, e hiki ke lohe i kekahi mea e like "perestroika - he mea weliweli, a me ka hilahila." Maoli ai, i ke kanaka opiopio nana i hanau (ai ole nae) i loko o kēlā mau makahiki, he nui piha moʻolelo.

Mōʻaukala o Gorbachevskaya

Gorbachev ka perestroika (ʻo ia,ʻo ia dala i ka makahiki, aole nae paha i invented ia iho), i ee aku i loko o kakahiaka 1987. Ua aha 'ia ma mua, ma hope o kona kohoia ana i ke kia o Kuhina Nui, i kapa hoʻonui. A ma mua i noho aliʻi ihola ia stagnation i loko o ke aupuni. A ma mua i ka ua i ka voluntarism. A ma mua ona - he cult o ke kanaka. Here i Stalinism i kahi poe i loko o ke kāʻei kua o nā mea a pau i ka hope makahiki o ka hainā huali ia. Kēia NEP.

I ka mea ana i ka hopena o na eighties hoi i noonoo ai i ka mōʻaukala o ka USSR ka Soviet kanaka no ka hapanui loa. Ka pilina me keia hihio o ka 'atikala lehulehu paʻiʻia i loko o ke kaulana ahakanaka ( "hunaahi", "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "' oihana a me nā kūʻiʻo" a he nui 'ē aʻe). Ma na shelves i mua banned ka palapala, ai hana, no ka'āina hoʻoili o ka a he mau makahiki aku nei ka mea, ua hiki i ka amass i ka hailona o ka pōpilikia, a kahili ae aku i loko o ka blink o ka maka. Ko makou aupuni ua ka mea kaulana i loko o ke ao nei ma mua, a ma hope o 1987, i ka hiʻona o ka buke, a me na nupepa, a aole pepehi hou a pau ao mooolelo o ka hala (auwe, ka mea i hiki i ka wā e hiki mai).

vestiges o ka hala

O ka holo ana, i ole i kēia mau kumu a pau o ka ike e pili ana i ka moolelo o kona'āina hānau me kona nui revelatory poe a pau e hoohaalulu ai i ka paʻa manaoio o ka Soviet kanaka i loko o ka lani kiekie loa hoopai o ka Socialist ke kaiāulu kanaka, a me kona hope loa pahuhopu - communism. M. S. Gorbachev, a me kona kākoʻo i loko o ka Politburo ike o ka pōʻino mea e - aie i ka mea haʻahaʻa ka hoʻokōʻana - mahiai a me ka hana koi lula 'ka kūkuluʻana. Ka pōʻaiawaiwai skidded,ʻaʻole nui pāʻoihana, ua pono, akā, e aho pipiʻi, mahuahua ka helu o "like aina-millionaire" (e like me ka nui o ka moku'āina aie), ua lilo ka walaʻauʻana hale 'ikamu i ka nele kahua me ka ai mea no hoi e hauʻoli. Young kakauolelo-nui ike ana i kekahi credibility ka mea, ua loaa, no ka mea, no laila, na makahiki o nā mea a pau, aole i hanaia e like me ka mea e e, ai kekahi manawa, e kali oe i pono ai. E like me ka mea huli mai ma hope, i hoʻokaʻulua kekahi mau makahiki o perestroika. Alaila, kilokilo i ole i kekahi ke.

Hoʻonui a Free

Ma ona iho, i ke ala ana o ke kūkulu houʻana, a papa, pono. Ka huiʻo ia i mua o nā makahiki ia i manaʻo i ke ala e hiki aku ia mea pololei, a "he mea i 'ano like, hoa" e neʻe ma luna o ka mea e pono ai wikiwiki. Ua alakai aku ai i ka inoa o ke kahua mua, mai a ke ka kūkuluʻana i hoomaka ai. I ka moolelo o ka NEP paipai ia ina kekahi mau mea o ka'ōnaehana, e hoolilo i loko o kekahi mau lima, i nā loli i aneane ua hoʻohiki. Ma ka twenties, ke aupuni lanakila koke mai i ka lukuia, a me ka pololi, kōkua mai kekahi poe i laweʻeleu a me ka enterprising mea nona. Ke ho'āʻo nei e oe a mau e piʻi like kanaono makahiki alakai aku i kekahi,ʻaʻole nō'ālike hopena. ua lilo i "touchstone" Cooperators e hana i kekahi hou papa o Soviet capitalists. Ka mea, ua piha kekahi Hoʻohana o na wahi lulu kuai, a me ka loaʻana, a me ka mea makau mawaho, akā, e uhai i ka Phule ka hoʻokele waiwai a pau, ua nele no. No laila, i ka assertion i ka ka kūkuluʻana - i ka hou ana o ka New Economic Policy i ole baseless. GDP ulu i ole hana. Muli o kona kulana ke kue.

koʻokoʻo

I ka makahiki 1986, ka hoʻonui (e pili ana iʻApelila ia i hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka "anyhow", a me ka manawa "Pow-anyhow-boo") i kokoke i kekahi hoʻomanaʻo. Pono hou ana o ka mall ano, a haha aku ia mea i ka aina o ka alakaʻi hoomaka iho la e like mamua. Aia i hou maka e puku i ka hoʻomaha aoao mastodons, akā, no hoi, mai na cadres kahiko, ka mea i loaʻa iā ia ka inoa maikaʻi e like me "nui ka pilina", Gorbachev hoole. Eduard Shevardnadze i ka noho ana o ka Aha Soviet, Nikolai Ryzhkov i ka noho predsovmina, Moscow kulanakauhale komite o ka aoao alakaʻi ma laila, he uuku-ike akā, hoʻomaka koke ho onui ana hiʻona, Boris Yeltsin. Lukyanov a me Alexander Yakovlev komo aku la i ka Politburo, i ka dizzying 'oihana. Ua manao ia me ka hui pomaikai ua ua hoʻohiki ...

I mea i ike mai

Ke'ī mai, i ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia mea i ka hoikeia. Mau kapuwaʻi ma mua e pono ai ka manao a me ka bolder. Sam M. S. Gorbachev, a me kona mau eloquence, wehewehe lama a puni ia, "ano o kanaka" i ka ka kūkuluʻana - i ka wā a pau i kā lākou mau hana. Ke ninau maoli ai aicieeaao mea a pau hana mua makahiki 1985? Akā, me ka hoao ana i ka Soviet kanaka i ninau aku ia ia.

Like i nā lā ma mua o ke industrialization, ka Soviet Union i manao ai ka nele o ka? Acaeoey o me mechanical wilikî. Plenum i ka makahiki 1985 i ka pahu hopu o ka ulu ana o ka hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo e 70%. Ma na nineties, i? Oaony i ka Hopu ma ka global level, laupaʻi a me ka qualitative. Koʻokoʻo a me nā kumu waiwai no ka mea, ua. No ke aha la i keia i ka hopena?

XXVII Ahaolelo, a me nā hoʻoholo pono

I ka makahiki 1986, ka mea, ua XXVII Ahaolelo Lahui o ka CPSU, i ka hana o ka i - ma ka mea,ʻaʻole pono no ka nūpepa a me ka propaganda clichés - kiai aku i ka holoʻokoʻa aupuni. ʻelele kākoʻo i ka hookamaia o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni kānāwai, i ka pono o ka hana Kane, i mea e hiki ke koho alakaʻi, e hooponopono i ka uku, a hooholo i nā huahana e paka, e kiʻi i ka nui pono. O lakou na nā mea hoʻololi o perestroika, i nei hana, a hiki i moe. Ma ke kumu o ka lawelawe loli n ieaie? Ka hoʻokō 'ana o ka moku'āina' auhau, e hoonui mahiʻai productivity e 150%. Ua ŌLELO ia ma ka makahiki 2000 ma ka n iaainoaoeii neo kanaka, e ola a pau Soviet ohana. olioli na kanaka, akā ... prematurely. Ka'ōnaehana Ua nō i hana.

aneiai socialism

Ua i elua makahiki ma hope o perestroika hoomaka. hoomaka apparently Gorbachev e hana eha mai ia i na mea pohihihi e pili ana i ka pono o ka olelo ma i ka aina e neʻe maila. He nui nā makahiki ma hope, i ka makahiki 1999, e olelo ana i loko o Tureke, ma ka'Sophomore' paa ana ma ke Kulanui 'Amelika, e kapa aku ia ia iho i ka staunch Anati-Communist i kona ola a pau i kaua aku no ka lanakila o ke aupuni a ka lehulehu. Ma ka hoohalike,ʻo ia ke i mea e pono ai, akā, i keia la ia mea paakiki e Loiloi i ka appropriateness o kona hana i ka 1987. A laila, kamaʻilio pūʻo ia e pili ana i kekahi mea'ē aʻe loa, hewa ia i ka pohihihi poeikohoia o ka "kauoha'ōnaehana" aʻaʻohe emi pohihihi maomeka i inhibit a pau. Aka hoi, ka mea, o ka lua o ka (a me ka hope) wā o ka hoʻoponopono i ka socialism i ua wehe 'ia a me ka lei aliʻi o ka mea maikaʻi a' ike akula '(ʻano'ēʻia) systemic flaws. Ua huli mai i nā mea a pau i pono hapai ae (Lenin), akā, i loko o nā kanakoluʻelemakule nānaina. Aia i kekahi manaʻo o oicyenoaaiiie socialism - i kū'ē i ka mea naʻaupō kēia 'aoʻao hooponopono. ʻimi naʻauao e hoaponoia hoʻolako 'atikala o Kumu a me academicians L. Abalkina, G. Popov, N. Shmelev a me P. Bunich. Ma ka pepa, a pau aku la smoothly hou, a me ka mea i hai mai ai maʻamau Socialist ka hoʻoponopono-kaʻoihana kālā.

Umikumamaiwa Party hālāwai

I ka 1988, ua Komikina'Āina hope laina o ka pale o ka aoao nomenklatura omnipotence. Kanawai kaiāulu kanaka, a kali i ka aoao o ka Communist Party i loko o ka moku'āina a me ka pāʻoihana keʻano o ka hanaʻana, Kuhina kū kaʻawale ma ka olelo hooholo-ākea aha hookolokolo hai pahu hopu i a i ka hakaka. Aia he kūkākūkā, a me nā mea a pau hoʻokahuli aupuni hoʻokokoke huli mai e nā mākau 'hou e pono ai ia mau pilikia ma lalo o ke kuhikuhi ana o ka aoao. Iki iho, no ka mea'ē aʻe e hoohauhee ana i ka ikaika o ua ole. Ma nāʻelele hoʻoholo i ka hana, me koʻu naau a pau, e kākoʻo Gorbachev. Ua manao i ka mua makahiki malaila ka kūkuluʻana mea lapuwale, akā, ia mea,ʻaʻole. Nā hopena i pili ka mea, he mau lala o ka Papa, i ka manawa hoʻokahi-kolu o ka lunakanawai no ko ka lehulehu a papa hana.

Ka ulia i mea, uhane hoʻoponopono ulia

Ma hope o ka hālāwai, ua mea e nana e like me ka mahae o ke RSDLP. Ma ka hihiu,? Ac? Kona mau democrats a me radicals ia ho irreconcilable ideological ao ao. Ia manawa, maʻa i ka maluhia a me ka kumupaʻa ma ka aina ua uuku au. Lawe mai i loko o ka Communist manaʻo o ka mua o ka hanauna e ikepili koʻikoʻi i ka'opi o ko lākou mau manaʻo o ke kaiāulu pono. Oʻo kanaka, ka poe i hele a lehia i ka lawelawe hoʻohiki a me ka mahalo no kā lākou hana e piʻi like,ʻike piʻi kālā ka pilikia, exacerbated ma ke kālā i nanaia superiority cooperators - kanaka ua pinepine naaupo a me ka hawawa koʻu. Young kanaka i loko o ke au o perestroika a i manao ai he uhane ka hoʻoponopono ulia, ka ike ana i ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana i loaa e na makua, aole ia e ai ka' kohu kūpono ola. Kumu haihai.

KoʻOlau nalowale a me ka KoʻOlau loaa

I ka make ana o ka Hoʻohaku ideology,ʻaʻohe mea i ka nui o ia mea kokoke i ka paʻa cia, mau pu ma o ka nui-ka unahiʻole, a holo-ʻike manaʻo pinepine paʻakikī loa tolerated loa o ka heluna kanaka. Hoomaka ae la i ka hahau ana o hanalima poe hana a me miners. Food a me ka consumer ulia aicieeaao unpredictably nalowale mai na shelves o ke kī, me ka uahi paka me ka uahi paka, ke kōpaʻa, ka ke kopa ... Ma kēia hihia, na ona o kekahi o nā lāʻau i mea hiki ole e loaa ka waiwai, ua nui ka kūkuluʻana i loko o ka USSR. Komo ka mea, hiki ke wehewehe aku i ka wā o ka loiloi mua hoʻomāhuahua. State monopoly ma na aina e kuai i ka luahi o kemokalaka loli, kanaka, ka poe i i ka hoao ana ma na aha kanaka, a i na wahi i pili pono, koke i ka lanakila o ko lākou mau Loaʻaʻia. An manawa maikaʻi, e haawi loan. Soviet banknotes koke haalele i kona waiwai ano e uku aku iʻaʻole paʻakikī, ke kālele 'ana i ka huina o ka aneane kekahi huahana. Aie, aole nae i pau. A ole no ka mea. Akā, ka mea, o ka mea uuku ...

Ma ka aina nīnau

'Aʻole wale nō ke impoverishment, akā, ia no hoi ma na hanana koko iloko o ka hoʻoponopono wā. Soviet bulge ma na nakaka, mai mea lāhui kāna hana e lawelawe i loko o ka Baltic'āina, ka Ferghana Valley, Sumgait, Baku, Karabakh, Osh, Chisinau, Tbilisi a me nā Geographic mau wahi a hiki i nei amicable Union. Mass hana "Popular fronts" i ua kapaʻia ma naʻano likeʻole, akā, i kekahi i i ka nationalistic aʻa. Nā hōʻike, halawai a me kekahi mau kanawai e o kivila hookuli ana kahili ae i ke aupuni, na Aupuni 'hana i ka opili, akā, ma hope o lākou, a ua koho koke i ka nawaliwali o ka mana o ke alakaʻi, a me kona hikiʻole i ka hooloihi ae i ikaika kū'ē. ʻO ka kūkuluʻana o 1985-1991, kena ae la i ka'opi o ka Union i loko o kaawale aupuni moku'āina nāʻoihana, pinepineʻenemi i kekahi i kekahi.

Five haneri lā ... ole oe e pono ai oi?

I ka makahiki 1990, i ka waiwai moana lipolipo Kīwala'ō mau walaʻauʻana manaÿo no ka hou 'ana. Mua, kekahi o a ka mea kākau i Yavlinsky, hilahila kokoke e koi aku la lakou (i elima haneri lā) privatization, a me ka hoʻololi i capitalism, a, e like me ka mea ua kokoke a pau, kahi e holumua ai ola ma hope iho socialism. Ka lua o koho e kaumaha ana i ka radicalized emi Ryzhkov a me Pavlov, a hoomakaukau i ke ala apuupuu holo i ka makeke me kaʻelua ka hoʻokuʻu 'hoʻomalu moku'āina nā palena. No laila, ke kiʻekiʻe o hooulu ana i na kumu, a lilo ae la i ke aupuni o ka alakaʻi i ka hana. Naʻe, ka mea huli mai i keia kali hoʻi koʻu neʻeʻana ua loaa i ka kŘpuna hopena.

Coup - he unexpected a me ka unavoidable

¶ A i ka makahiki 1990, anapu koke ikea mai Soviet kanaka pelekikena. Kēia i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka moku'āina - a me ka Tsarist a me Soviet - ua i hiki mai ai. Ma June, Rusia hai kona kuokoa, a me ka manawa Gorbachev ke alakai i ka USSR anywhere, akā,ʻaʻole i loko o Moscow, kahi ana i lilo i haku no Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, Luna hoomalu o ka puali koa. Gorbachev, o ka papa, i ka Kremlin ua i nee mai, akā, he ua i ka hakakā, a mau ae la ia a hiki i ka hopena o ka USSR.

Ke referendum, i i paʻa i loko o March 1991, hoike mai i nā meaʻelua. Mua, ua lilo i mea akaka i ka makemake o ka hapanui o Soviet poe kanaka (ma 76%) e noho ma ka aina nui. Ka lua, ka mea e hoopuni e hoohuli i ka hoʻololi 'ana i kona manaʻo, akā, e huli mai i ka iki hope.

A ma hope iho, ua maoli paa ka'opi o ka hoao ana moku'āina (la me ka manao o ka Soviet Union ole Rusia?), Hoomaka ae la New kanaka a pau o ke kānāwai, e hoomakaukau i ka hoao ana, a ohi i ka Komite ma Novo-Ogaryovo. Ma June, Yeltsin lanakila i ke koho ana, e lilo ana ka mua Lūkini Peresidena. i He e kakau i kekahi kuikahi o ke kuikahi ma 20 August. Akā, laila, hele mai la ka coup, pono i ka lā mua. A laila, he ekolu lā piha o ka pīhoihoi, liberation tomivshegosya ma Foros Gorbachev, a nui no hoi na mea a pau, okoa, aʻaʻole manawa oluolu.

Pela i pau ai ka ka kūkuluʻana. Ua ua inevitable.