Makamua aupuni Tmutarakan: ano, mōʻaukala a me ka mokuna

Makamua aupuni Tmutarakan - keia mea kekahi o na me ka ho okumu loa enigmatic a uuku-ike, pana pua, a lilo ka hale a hiki i ka hikina mai Slavs. Ua ola ma luna o ka Taman Peninsula.

Overview

Tmutarakan na'lii a ola i ka X-XI kenekulia. Ua Ua Aia he mau haneri kilomika, mai ka papa kuhikuhiE ?? eoi? O Kievan Rus. Mau aina i hookaawale ia e ka Black Sea steppes, noho ma nomads.

na'lii a poʻo ua Tmutarakan. Kūlike loa 'ike e pili ana i ka lā o kona ka piʻiʻana i ka Kievan moku'āina ole. Paha, Ua lanakila i ka pakaua ma Sviatoslav Igorevich ma kona hikina paipai aʻo kai eʻe e ku ei ka Khazars. A laila, ua luku aku la oia i ka enemi kapikala Sarkel ma na kapa o ka Don, a paha kipa i ka Taman Peninsula.

Commercial awa o Laielohelohe nui kalepa mai kekahi mau aina. No ka mea, o keia na'lii i ka loa multinational Tmutarakan iwaena o Lūkini panalāʻau. Here noho ka Khazars, Helene, Iudaio, e like me na kanaka, mai ka Caucasus Ossetians, Alans, a pela aku ...

Ka piʻiʻana i Kiev

Manawa i kona Leeuwerikplein kulana o ka awa i ke alahaka ma waena o Rusia a me Byzantium. Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich hoouna aku ai i ka aina o kana keiki Mstislav ke koa, ka mea i alii iho la oia nei i loko o nā makahiki 990-1036. Paha ia mea i ka Baptizer o Rus Tmutarakan pili ana i kā lākou mau moku'āina. Ka mea o ia i ke kaua me Byzantium, hele aku la ia me ka poe koa i loko o ka Crimea, i i hookaawale ae mai ka awa uuku pilikia. Before mea Tmutarakan pili i Byzantium. I Emperor o Constantinople i crises hiki i ka pāʻana i nā keʻena kihi o kona mana i ka'ākau Black Sea mokuna. A lohe o Russ i bapetizoia, Vladimir ke kiʻi Tmutarakan like kona hoopakele ae e ku ei ka make māinoino o ka hehi.

Mstislav

Kana keiki Mstislav mau kaua mai ai kaua a me kona mau hoalauna. No laila, i ka 1022, ua hoʻonohonoho i ke kai eʻe e ku e hoʻouku Alan. I ke kaua Mstislav ua he Ally o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau, a hoi kaua i loko o ka'āina e kū'ē i ka Keokia aupuni. Keia kue la ia mea ma muli o ia ka mea i loko o ka loina koe i ka hoomanao ana o ka dueling ń Lūkini luna a me Rededi. Ka mea, ua Prince Kasogs kūlokoʻohana. E like me ke kaiakū oihana, i ka pāonioni paʻa ma waena o ka poʻe hao wale hiki e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma hope o ka Reuʻela,ʻo ia ma waena o ko lākou mau luna. Penei, ka uwa o ka Reuʻela,ʻo ia ma waena o Rededi a me Mstislav ke loaa na mea a pau kona mea a kona hoa paio. Russian ka luna hoʻokele e lanakila Kasogs. Mstislav wehewehe i ka hope o ka mea e ko kākou Lede interceded no ia.

Ma hope o lanakila Tmutarakan aliʻiʻo ia i kāna wahine, a me na keiki Rededi. Eia hou, oia kau i ka waiwai auhau i ka mea a pau Kasogs. Reuʻela,ʻo ia iʻikeʻia i loko o kekahi mau kahikoʻoihana aliʻi, a ua olelo ia i loko o ka "Lay", a pela i lohe nuiʻia. Ke pena kaulana Nikolay Rerih depicted keia kumuhana ma ka canvas i ka 1943, i ka Great Patriotic War, maalo ae la oia ia i ka lōʻihi stress o ka hakakā a me ka luaÿi ka lanakila ma luna o kaʻenemi i hoowahawaha ai.

Ke kaua me Kiev

Mstislav iʻini ma waho mai i pau i ka mamao Tmutarakan na'lii. He makemake e kiʻi Kiev. A makahiki kakaikahi ma hope o ka make ana o kona makuakane, Vladimir Mstislav Svyatoslavich hai kaua e ku ei kona kaikaina Yaroslav ka Wise. He pilikia e kiʻi Kiev, akā,ʻo ia hoopio Chernigov, ka mea i noho. Eia naʻe, Mstislav poina no Tmutarakan. He hoʻonohonoho mau huakaʻi a hiki i na kuahiwi. I ka 1029 hakaka ae la laua me ka yasami. A mau makahiki ma hope o ka Lūkini'auwaʻa iʻikeʻia i loko o ka Caspian kai, a me ka Slavic koa hele a hiki i ka Caucasus, ma ka aina kahiko o Arran. I keia manawa Tmutarakan kākoʻo Alan. Ke kulanakauhale mea hale i kekahiʻano o nā adventurers a me mercenaries mai nā mea a pau ma luna o ka honua.

he Karistiano ikaika Mstislav ka wiwo ua. Hope aiʻulupā Rededi la oia i ka pohaku ma Tmutarakan luakini mua. Ma hope iho o ka neoneo ana o ke kūlanakauhale,ʻo ia e hina - Ua loaa kona wahi e pili ana ma kaʻiʻo nō o kēia archaeologists. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Mstislav ioioie? I ka 1036 hele hou i ka na'lii a Tmutarakan a hiki i ka Kiev aliʻi.

alii wahi kanaka kolohe nei

Ma hope Mstislav Vladimirovich ka mamao kae o ka luna o ke kalohe aliʻi poe i hoounaia mai nei kekahi ma lalo o kona mau makahiki a no ka mea, o ka mea kolohe ano. No ka laʻana, i ka 1064 he rula moopuna o Yaroslava Mudrogo - Gleb Svyatoslavich, ka mea i oustedʻia kona hoahānau Rostislav Vladimirovich. Remoteness mai Kiev i Tmutarakan pono Arena no ka pau ole kivila kaua. Luna a apono ia iʻaneʻi pinepine no ka mercenaries, mai waena o nā Polovtsian nomads. Ia mea i kahaha ko oukou naau i kekahi mau kiaainaʻae e noho aliʻi i loko o ia kekahi keʻena kae o nā Tmutarakan na'lii. Mountaineers a hehi i ka ikaika hoʻoweliweli 'ia i nā kupa.

Ma 1069-1079 GG. i ka rula baht Gleb - Roma keia. He Ua pepehi Polovtsi iloko o kekahi kaua. A laila, huli mai la ia iʻaneʻi hope i pololei ia Tmutarakan Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich. He hiki lilo i ka luna o Chernigov, akā, no ka mea, o ka mea pōʻino, ua make ana me ka Kiev noho aliʻi, ka mea, he e holo i pakele ai a hiki i ka wēlau o ka honua. He ua kokoke ka Roma iloko o kona hope ka nele kai eʻe. Inā Roman make, laila, ua laweʻia Oleg pio, a ua haawiia mai i na Byzantines no ka uku. I keia manawa, i ka Auguseto o Constantinople, ua he Ally o ka Haku o Kiev - kaʻenemi o ka Svyatoslav. No laila, no ka kekahi mau makahiki, Oleg i loko o ke pioʻana ma luna o ka mokupuni o Rode. I keia manawa ma Tmutarakan lanakila aliʻi mōkākī. Here pokole entrenched na mamo o Yaroslava Mudrogo - nā luna o ke kalohe David I. a me Volodar Rostislavich. Ka mokuna o ka na'lii a Tmutarakan terrorize ka Polovtsian mau poʻe a pau. Nā Helene i manaoio aku i ka aina o ko lakou mau a me ka kūloko Lūkini aliʻi e like pōkole-makahiki allies a me nā koa i malamaia lakou.

Oleg Svyatoslavich

No ka mea, o ka looting Polovtsian hou ia Auguseto Aleksey Komnin i ka 1081 ua hoʻoholo ihola e hookaawale ia lana mai ka hilahila o Oleg. Ma keia manawa, Chernigov hoʻokuewa wale 'ia ke mare i ka Helene kaikamahine, a intermarry me ke kaulana aristocraticʻohana o Constantinople. I ka 1083, i ke aloha a hiki i ke kākoʻo mai o ka Auguseto ka mea, ua hiki ke loaa Tmutarakan kahiko Lūkini na'lii. Oleg la i ka inoa o ka archon ( 'o ia hoʻi imperial kia'āina). Kēia moku'āina o ka mea mau ae la ia no ka umi makahiki, i ka wa a ka'āinaʻoluʻolu ka maluhia a me ka pono kalepa.

Naʻe, i ka 1094, Oleg manaʻo e hoʻi i ka hale. He hoakoakoa ae la ka poe koa o Polovtsy, a hele aku la i ka lanakila Chernigov, a i hookahi alii iho la oia ma kona makua kāne. Mai ke kaua, i lilo ai, Oleg a me Vladimirom Monomahom. Aie i ka mea i Tmutarakan e lilo loa i lawe mai i Rusia ma mau poʻe a pau o nā nomads, a hoʻomaka i ke kaua merciless, oia hoʻolimalima i ka inoa kapakapa Gorislavich. I ka 1097 Oleg pakele Novgorod-Seversky. A kona make ana, oia iʻaʻole hoʻi i kahi loihi Tmutarakan.

Ka pau 'Tmutarakani

Ka hope manawa ka na'lii a Tmutarakan i oleloia ma Lūkiniʻoihana aliʻi i loko o 1094. Ma hope o ia, i ke kihi o ka pani mai o ko lakou aina makuahine. Russian heluna i nā mae aku. Ma ka XII kenekulia i ka mana o ka Taman Peninsula i hoolilo ai i Byzantium. Once i ka 1204, Western Crusaders hoopio Constantinople ma ka Black Sea panalāʻau noho alii iho la hope chaos a me na vestiges hope o ka moku'āina haʻalele i ka aina. Here, hoomaka ae la ka hegemony o ka hehi. Akā, pela no, ma ka hopena o Middle Ages ma na kapa ikea Taman kālepa panalaau ia o Genoa, kona poʻe kālepa a pau loa Western Europe mea lahaʻole'Ākia waiwai mai Crimea, a Kuban.

Këia i ka mōʻaukala o ka na'lii a

Tmutarakan kahiko Russian na'lii a me kona helehelena, a me kēia lā,ʻo ka noonoo ana o na mea he nui hoʻomalu: moʻolelo, archaeologists a me archivists. Ma ka paena o ka Lūkini panalāʻau hanaʻeliʻana i kēia lā, e kōkuaʻolua e hoʻokiʻekiʻe aʻe i ka paku o ka mahuka ma luna o ke ola o ka State. Malihini Tmutarakan Duchy o pakahi hoihoi. hoomaka ae la kela a me keia hou kia'āina minting kona iho kālā. Systematization o ka ike e pili ana i medieval dala hoopukaia Tmutarakani, e leie aku oe e aʻo hou aku e pili ana i ka laila, ke aupuni a me ka pono.

Mai ka bygone au, kekahi poe i na mea hina o na Kristiano ekalesia mākou. Kekahi o ka Soviet kāna huakaʻi i loaʻa i ka necropolis. Eia hou, kokoke i ke kulanakauhale i kekahi Christian hoailona.

Maʻamau o ke ola Tmutarakani

Tmutarakan i ka pā me ka kūlana pale pā pōhaku. Koena o kekahi o lakou, i ola. Ke kulanakauhale i kukulu hou ia kekahi mau manawa. Ma ka X kenekulia, e hookupaa i ka hou kumumanao, a, Noord i ka cardinal. Tmutarakan na'lii a Kuban komo i ka aina, e haawi ana i ka aina Momona, e ohi mai. I ke poʻo, e hiki mai ana i kēlā me kēia hale i ko lakou mau granaries a hale ahu i ka like manao.

History Tmutarakan na'lii a ua i? Anoee no hoi no ka hale ikamu i loaʻa ma hulikoehana kaua kiʻi e kaua. Haʻalele nā ko na'lii, a Kievan Rus,ʻaneʻi ma ka nui loa hoʻohana mea aniani Byzantine? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Kēia Ua e hoikeike ai ma ka nui dala loaʻa pālolo (huewai, amphora a me ka 'ole. D.). Ia mea i kahaha ko oukou naau i kekahi o ka mea i kākau artifacts i loaʻa i loko o Tmutarakan, kākau i loko o Helene. Slavic loaa i loko o kēia pā eʻano nui a me nā mea a nā aliʻi, kiai, kauwā a me Orthodox na moneka pili. Tmutarakan - he hale ahu waiwai o ka waiwai rarities ma brisk kalepa, a i lawe mai i loko o ka kūloko awa. Pono ke awa o Laielohelohe poe kalepa mai kekahi aina.