Meaning o ka'emi ko kahua. Hana o na ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana

pāʻani kēlā me kēia hui, a me ka'ōnaehana i loko o ke kino o ka kūlana. I ka Ia manawa ka mea, i nā mea a pau interrelated. Meaning ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu overemphasized. He kuleana no ka mea hoʻopili ma waena o nā mea a pau kino a me nā 'oihana, a no ka functioning o ka meaola like me ka a pau. I ke kula kakahiaka nui hoʻomaka i mau makamaka, me ia i ka nunui-faceted manaʻo, e like me ka ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu. Papa 4 - mea no na keiki liilii, ka poe hiki ke maopopo ole nui iho la ia he nui luna 'ʻepekema manaÿo.

mall naehana

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mall a me ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o ka'emi'ōnaehana (NS) - neurons. Ka mea, e eiiieaena excitable keena pee keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka ike jitters, ka mea, ua hoʻokō 'ia a me nā pū i hiki i nā keena. Neurons hiki no hoi i ka pale umauma hoʻokahi keena ai pē mālie inhibitory loa. Ka mea, i kekahi hapa o ka Bio me hemoregulyatsii kino. Mai ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai wahi o ka hoomaopopo, neurons i kekahi o na kumu o ka hoʻolālā o ke ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu. Ka mea, hui pu iho la kekahi mau 'ē aʻe pae (hakakino, iiaciiie-ke kelepona hele, synaptic, nadkletochny).

Neurons komo ana o ke kino (soma), ka lōʻihi lima (axon) a me ka mea uuku, ai manamana ai keʻano o ka hanaʻana (dendrites). I wahi likeʻole o ka'emi'ōnaehana, ka mea, i kaʻokoʻa shape a me ka nui. Ma kekahi o ia i hiki aku i ka axon lōʻihi 1.5 m. Haalele mai kekahi neuron a hiki i 1000 dendrites. E like me ia i ka pīhoihoi kŰlń ao mai na receptors a hiki i ka halepaahao kino. Ma ka axon impulses pū i hiki i ka effector keena a me nā neurons.

I ka 'epekema, he mea i ka manaʻo o "synapse". Nā axons o neurons, e hele ana i na keena hoʻomaka ai manamana ai, a hana lehulehu panina ia ia. Mau wahi i kapaʻia synapses. Axons kuahene ia,ʻaʻole wale nō ma luna o nā aʻalolo keena. Synapses nō ma luna o ka Muscle olona. Kēia nā loko o ka'emi'ōnaehana i ike, a hiki ma keena o ka endocrine glands a me ke koko capillaries. e uhi nā aʻalolo olona, me ka leho glial keʻano o ka hanaʻana o nā neurons. Ka mea hana i kekahi kuleana pili i ka hoʻokō 'ia.

nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale

Kēia hana kūikawā ka hoʻonaʻauao, Aia ma ke kihi o keʻano o ka hanaʻana o nā aʻalolo olona. Ka mea, i ka EYI o ka 'ike i loko o ka palapala o ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale. Ke aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale i komo i loko o ke kahua o ka pū i hiki hopena a me kaʻimiʻana maalea o okoa mall hui. By functionality ua kaʻawale.

• synapses i ke hoʻouna i nā aʻalolo impulses ma waena o nā aʻalolo keena;

• receptors (afferent panina), alakai ike mai ka loa ololi maloko a mawaho 'ia;

• effectors ke hoʻouna i ka lāʻau ikiʻai mai nā aʻalolo aeee i nā nā'aʻaʻa.

Na ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana

ʻO ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana (NS) - he noniakahi kauʻia o kekahi mau interrelated hale. Ua paipai 'ana i ka wahi rula o nā mea a pau nā loko, a' oi aku i ka pane i ka hoʻololi 'ana. Ke kanaka ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, i ua poe e ka Hawaii photo i loko o ka 'atikala ano laulea pu ka Hawaii haʻawina, pā lonoaʻili a me ka hana o nā hoʻokonukonu nenoai ('ōnaehana paleʻea, endocrine). NA ha awina ua pili i:

• anatomic anal i loko o nā mea a pau o nā nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa;

• ke kukuluia'na a me kaʻoi loa o ka pilina ma waena o ke kino, a me ka puni 'ia (? Aneie a me ka nohona);

• ōhumu o nā mea a pau metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana;

• aupuni nenoaiu.

'ole

Anatomia o ka'emi'ōnaehana ka loa eiiieaena. He He hailona o ka hale, okoa ka 'ole a me ka hana. ʻO ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, he Hawaii photo no i hoike mai ai i kona anal i loko o nā mea a pau o nā nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa o ke kino, Radio nui he kūlana me ka pa alima kūloko ma, a mawaho stimuli. No keia mea, ua hana sensory nā hale i mea i loko o ka ai-kapaia analyzers. Mau nā kūikawā neural manaʻo mea i hiki ke ike nei au e hoʻopā ai ka ike. O nā nā kēia:

• proprioceptors kaʻohiʻana 'ike e pili ana i ka moku'āina o na nāʻiʻo, fascia, ami, iwi;

• exteroreceptors, Aia i loko o kaʻili, mucous membranes a makaukau hiki hoi ke ike nei au i loaa mai, mai ka mawaho kaiapuni irritants;

• interoreceptors ke aupuni 'i loko o ka na nā loko, a nā'aʻaʻa a me nā kuleana no ka hana biochemical hou.

O ka papa kuhikuhi nui o ka ua'emi ko kahua

NA like me ka hana a ua pili loa e pili ana i ke ao nei, a me ka functioning o ka meaola. Me ka mea, he mea no ka pokole o ka 'ike a me ka Ikepili. Mahalo i kēia ka loaʻaʻana ia lŘlŘ stimuli, a na nā loko e hele mai ana, mai waho no lepa. ʻO ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana mea kuleana i ke kino o ka pane ana i ka 'ike i loaa mai. He pono i kona AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me kanaka adaptability hoʻolako humoral rula hooponopono maomeka i ke ao nei.

Ke kumukuai o ka'emi'ōnaehana mea e i ōhumu o ke kino māhele a me ka malama ana i kona homeostasis (equilibrium moku'āina). Manawa i kona hoohana ia ia lŘlŘ meaola ka hoʻololiʻana i kekahi hoololi i kapaia o adaptive hana (moku'āina).

Ka walaʻauʻana oihana o ka National Ahaolelo

ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana i loa lehulehu. I ka papa kuhikuhiE poe i na kēia:

• hooponopono a nui nā'aʻaʻa, nā loko, a nenoai i loko o ka maʻamau pololei;

• hoʻohui '(hoʻohui') o ke kino;

• malama ana o na kanaka pilina me ke kaiapuni;

•ʻana mai o ka moku'āina o kanaka, nā loko, a me ka meaola like me ka a pau;

• hoomaopopo ana a me ka malama ana ho'ā hope leo (ke hoʻohana moku'āina);

• ka wehewehena o nā hana o ke kanaka a me kā lākou ka noʻonoʻo ', i mea ke kumu o ka lawelawe ola.

Ke kanaka ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, i Hawaii photo hooku iho la ia ma luna hoakaka ia manaʻo keʻano o ka hanaʻana:

• pokole, ke aʻo 'ana a me ka manaʻoe hana' ike;

• Ka Ikepili a me ka hoʻololi kemikala;

• ho okumu o ways;

• e like me nei ka hoao ana;

• pahuhopu okoʻa no ka manawa a me ka hoʻolālā;

•? Iaea hana (hewa? Iaea);

• ka loiloi 'o ka hana ana;

• ho okumu i'ōlelo kūpaʻa, i loaʻaa me nā hoʻoholo ', he pono ole (Hōʻuluʻulu) manaÿo.

ʻO ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana i hou i ka peahi ana mai, a hāpai hou trophic kuleana pili i. Mahalo i ka anao? Aou meaola biologically hana waiwai i pōʻino oihana innervated nā loko. Mana, ka mea i nele o ia recharge, e ho'ōla atrophy a me ka make. ka'emi'ōnaehana mea nui loa no kanaka. I ka modifying i kekahi? Aneie olelo me ia ke hele mai i ke kino ke hakuloli i ka hou ana.

Keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o ka NA

Ke kanaka ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, i ke ano o loa na mea a straightforward, mea kuleana no ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka meaola a me ke kaiapuni. E hōʻoia 'ia hāpai mai ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana:

• transduction, hou 'ko ka hookaawale jitters;

• hou ', a ia lŘlŘ i ka huli ana o ka mea e hoʻopā ai excitation me kekahi mau' ano i loko o ka effluent mai nā waiwai;

• puunaue ana o excitation ma kekahiʻaoʻao;

• hōʻikeʻia nani, i mea he alanui no ke kukulu ana mea ukiuki loa, ke kūapoʻana kona loa kahi;

• modulation, a EUIAaIN ka'emi'ōnaehana, a me kona hana.

Meaning o ke kanaka ua'emi'ōnaehana kekahi ninoieo o ke kino ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ke kaiapuni. Pela ua nui na pane i kekahi 'ano o ka stimuli. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka modulation:

• stimulation (ho'ā hope), mea e hōʻoi 'i ka ha awina o nā aʻalolo' ole (i kēia moku'āina mea Hoʻohaku);

• inhibition, suppression (inhibition) oia hoi ma ka hoemi i ka ha awina o ka'emi ko nā hale;

•? Aiaiiuie ko mākou hopohopo pilina, i mea i ka hooulu ana o ka hou EYI alanui o ka excitation;

• ea ke ano e, i ua poe sensitization (hou ana o ka hoolilo ana o excitation) a me ka habituation (mea hōʻemi kōmi);

• ho'ā hope o ke kino, ina he reflex naoh o ke kanaka kino.

NA Nä Pahuhopu

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o na ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana:

•? Eaia - ka hopu loli ma ka maloko a mawaho 'ia. Ua ua lawe mai ma ka mea o ka mīkiniʻimi nenoai mea loaʻa, a ho i ka pokole o ka me mechanical, thermal, Nine Inch, electromagnetic a me nā 'ano o nā stimuli.

• Transduction - hoʻololi '(hoʻopā'ālua) ka mea e hoʻopā ai neaiae i jitters, i mea he kahawai o ka lāʻau ikiʻai a me nā' ano hoʻomaopop 'ana i mea ukiuki loa.

• manaʻo o, iloko olaila i loko o ka haawi ana o excitation o nā aʻalolo mau alahele ma na'āpana, a me ka NA i effectors (hooko kino).

• pokole - ka hanaiia'na mai o neural stimulation kükohu (he kūpono 'ana o ka sensory kiʻi). Kēia kaʻina hana he pilikino kiʻi o ko ke ao nei.

• hou '- i ka hou' ana o ka hoʻopā excitation ma effector. Kona manao nei e hana i ke kino o ka pane ana i ka loli o ke kaiapuni. Pela ka mea, he downlink EYI o excitation, mai ka mea kiekie oia a hiki i lalo-e moe ana māhele o ka CNS a PNS (hana nā loko, nā'aʻaʻa).

• ka loiloi 'ana i nā hualoaʻa o ka ha awina o ka National Ahaolelo me ke kōkua o ka manaʻo a me ka afferent (ike EYI sensory).

Ka 'ole o ka National Ahaolelo

Ke kanaka ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, i ka puni ana o i ua hōʻike ma luna, ua maheleia i structurally a functionally. NA hana hiki ole ke hoomaopopo loa, me ka nana i ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona o kona? Ueo. Wale ma kā lākou hana këia, i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o keʻano papa hana holoʻokoʻa hiki ke hoʻomaopopo. ʻO ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana Ua maheleia i:

• Central (CNS), i hāpai mai i ka naoh ma kekahi mau pae o ka manaʻo pohihihi, kapaʻia reflexes. Ua perceives na stimuli loaa mai o ka papa, a mai na nā loko. Ua nā ka lolo a me ka spinal kaula.

•ʻike ākea (PNS) ai pili aku i ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana a me nā loko, a lala. Kona neurons mea mamao aku, mai ka lolo a me ka spinal kaula. Ua ua i hoomaluia ma ka iwi, no laila, prone i me mechanical poino. Wale nō manawa i ka maʻamau functioning o PNS hiki ōhumu o ka neʻe 'ana o ke kanaka. Kēia nenoaiu He kuleana no ke kino o ka pane i stressful wahi, i hiki a me ka aneane. Mahalo iā ia, i loko o ia mau wahi, i hiki, i ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale e hoola ae, a hoala i ka nui o ka adrenaline. Maʻi o kaʻike ākea ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana ka heluna i ka Central ko mākou hopohopo kahua hana.

PNS ua haku o nā laulau o nā aʻalolo olona. Ka mea, e hele loa aku ia o ka lolo a me ka spinal kaula, a hoouna aku la i kekahi mau kino. Ka mea, i kapaʻia nā aʻalolo. I PNS mau ganglia (aka wahi). Ka mea, he mau huhui waina a lākou o nā aʻalolo keena.

Maʻi o kaʻike ākea ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana e māheleʻia ma luna o ia mau kumu: Topographical-anatomical, etiological, pathogenesis, Pathomorphology. Mau nā:

• radiculitis;

• plexites;

• funikulity;

• mono-, poly- a me ka multinevrity.

By etiology, ka mea, ua mahele ia i loko o infectious (microbial, mea hoʻomaʻi),ʻawahia, allergic, discirkulatornaya, dysmetabolic, traumatic, hereditary, idiopathic kompressiyno-ischemic, vertebral. PNS maʻi paha e iniiaiie (mai lepera, leptospirosis, syphilis) a me ka haumāna (ma hope o kamaliʻi nā mea palahēhē, mononucleosis, me ka periarteritis nodosa). E like me ka Pathomorphology pathogenesis a me ka mea, e māheleʻia i loko o neuropathy (radiculopathy), neuritis (radiculitis), a me ka neuralgia.

Nā waiwai o ka'emi ko kahua

Reflex ha awina ua pili kēia nānā 'ana i ka waiwai o nā aʻalolo-oaio? A, a nō i ke kaʻina o CNS hale. Lākou wahi ha awina e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka rula o nā kino oihana a reflex hana. Nā aʻalolo oaio? Ia i kekahi mau, he pono ole ka waiwai i ho'ākāka 'ia e ka' ole a me ka hana ana o synaptic me ka ho okumu (hui 'ma waena o neurons a me nā nā'aʻaʻa):

• sidedness excitation kaʻina. Ua Ua haawi ma ka reflex piʻo i loko o kekahi ao ao.

• irradiation o excitation moe i loko o ka mea ana i ka nui mahuahua ma ka ikaika o ka stimulus kahua? Anoe? Kaʻina hana 'ole i loko o neurons ia lŘlŘ.

• Summation excitation. Kēia kaʻina ua kōkua ai i nā ma ke alo o ka Ia kini o synaptic hui 'ana.

• High luhi. Hooloihiia hai stimulation mākaukau kaua paha ma hoʻonāwaliwali i reflex naoh.

• Synaptic ke kali ole. reflex naoh manawa mea pono e kaukaʻi ma ka māmā a me ka manawa o ka excitation propagation ma ka synapse. Ma kānaka, hoʻokahi ka lohi mea e pili ana 1 MS.

• leo, i ho i ke alo o ke kāʻei kua hope.

• Plasticity, o ka hiʻona me ka nui loa hoʻololi i ka pono kiʻi o reflex reactions.

• hoʻohui o nā aʻalolo lepa, a hoʻoholo physiologicalʻano papa hana alanui afferent ike (a eia i kahawai o nā aʻalolo impulses).

• hoʻohui 'ia o hana o na keena ma ka aʻalolo-oaio? A.

• Property Hoʻohaku nā aʻalolo keʻena, wehewehe aku ma ka loa excitability, hiki e excitation a me ka summation.

• cephalization ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu, mea e keʻoni aʻe, i ke kino coordinating i ka hana i loko o nui māhele o ka CNS a me ka lehulehu i loko o lākou kuleana pili i hooponopono.