Meia - o ke kulanakauhale alakaʻi i loko o kahiko Rus

Posadniki hōʻike pū me ka moku'āina a me ka kūlanakauhale i loko o kahiko Rusia, kā lākou mau papa kuhikuhiE manao ua e lawe mai ia i ka kulekele i loko o ko lakou mau kulanakauhale, a makemake hoʻopili like pono i ka pono o ka Luna Nui Duke, e like me ka hoʻokiwikā aristocracy.

Ka nele no ka hoʻomalu oihana

Old Russian moku'āina hānau i loko o ka iwa o ka kenekulia, e like me ka hopena o ka holomua a me ka ikaika hana o ka Novgorod ka luna Oleg aia no he hookahi noho - Kievan Rus. State ?? eoi? Ulu, a he mea i pono ai no ka kūikawā kanaka, ka poe i poe Prince i loko o nā kūlanakauhale ma ka'āina. Mai ka pau ana o ka iwa o ke kenekulia, o ka maikai nui i loko o ke aupuni kahiko hoʻokani Novgorod, hoʻokahi manawa e olelo ana enemi Kiev ma ka aoao o ka Poʻokela Honua i nâ Rusia. Haʻalele nā kūlanakauhale,ʻo ia i lilo i ka hailona o ke aliʻi 'ohana, a hoopaa iho la kuokoa, a ku wale i waena o nā waiwai a pau o ka Luna Nui Aliʻi o Kiev. I mea e kū i ke kulanakauhale, Kiev luna hoouna kā lākou mau keiki, akā, ka mea, ua i mau ai, aohe mea o ke Kiure mamo hiki ole ka waiwai i ka foothold ma laila, a me ka mana nui, aole loaa posadnicheskoe'ōnaehana a me Popular Ahaolelo. He ma ka Novgorod a me Pskov, kēia kanaka a puni pepehi i ka mana nui, a hiki i ke akea 'alo i ka Luna Duke. Penei, posadniki - mea, i loko o ke kālā no 'ōlelo, ka Meia o nā kūlanakauhale o ka wa kahiko Rusia.

Hiʻona o Old Lūkini ana'ōnaehana

No ke aha la ka mea i paakiki ma Novgorod i posadniki. Aia nō kekahi mau kumu. I ka mua o ia i ke kulanakauhale mua i waho e like me ka oihana a me ka maalea oaio, a me keia ua ukuia i kona maoli Leeuwerikplein wahi. Nunui ka ululāʻau i ka hailonaʻana o ka waiwai i loko o koi, nui? Aiiioe? Kalepa hana ka loa pono, a, i waena o nā mea a pau, Novgorod mai kahea Vikings a me Kuekene-Kelemānia crusaders i i 'ike nui mawaho he pilikia, no laila, i ka mana o nā aliʻi, ka mea i hana me nā luna hoʻolale luna a me i na lunakanawai, na kanaka o Novgorod he loa nō. No laila, nui ka wanaʻao e lilo Novgorod Meia koho ia mai waena aku o ka kūloko heluna kanaka, o ka papa, i ka loa māhuahua hapa o ka ia i ka lehulehu halawai - keena. I ka pono o ka nui boyars he 'aneʻi ma ka wahi mua, a ma ka hihia o ka puʻe mai ka Kiev a pau Novgorod, ua hoʻohui a hoʻopaʻa alo. 'ālike kauoha i hana i loko o nā nui ioauoa o Novgorod aina.

Ke etymology o ka makahiki

Nui, i ka manawa iʻikeʻia i loko o ka hopena o umi kenekulia, a ua loaʻa i loko o ka "nui o Bygone Makahiki". First Kievan aliʻi , hoʻouna akula lākou mau 'elele a hiki i ke kulanakauhale, o ka hana nui, a me ka olelo iho ua loko mai o ka verb "i". ka manawa "Posazhennikov" kekahi manawa i,ʻo ia hoʻi, "posadniki", he palaho o ka olelo, emphasizing ka subordination o kekahi kanaka aliʻi. No ka laʻana, Posazhennikov Jaropolk - pili i ka Meia, hoonoho Grand Aliʻi o Kiev Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich. Inā ma ka loiloi mua ke kahua o ke ola o Kievan Rus ma ka Novgorod loko o hoouna aku i ka nui alakaʻi, ke kūlana hope posadniks ka hanaia, a me nā keiki kāne a Lūkini luna. Akā, ia mea i loko o ke kūlanakauhale ma ka Volkhov ano ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia ka mea i kapaia o Posadnik, aole nae ma ka hanau ana i ua he luna, a me nā mea a pau i ke ala a hiki i ka feudal fragmentation o ke kulanakauhale i mau hōʻike kona kūikawā kūlana haʻahaʻa, a me ka Kievan na'lii i haʻakoiʻia, e kūkā pūʻo ia.

Ke kū kaʻawale o ke kūkulu'ākau-komohana o Rusia a me kona hoʻopau

I ka wā o ka feudal fragmentation Novgorod a hiki hou segregated, a mai keia manawa, koe wale no ke kono Aleksandra Nevskogo e noonoo Kelemānia-Kuekene kaua, Novgorod Meia - mea wale nō i ka kūloko hanohano. Hoʻololi kulanakauhale alakaʻi i loko o Rusia, mai Kiev a hiki i Vladimir, mai Vladimir Moscow, Novgorod i akā, hoomau iho la oia e malama i kona 'ano nui kū kaʻawale, a hiki i ke kaua ana o ka Tatars hiki ole fundamentally hoʻololi i kēia moolelo. Ma kaʻumikumamālima kenekulia kahi o kekahi o Meia koho eono, kela mea keia mea o ka i i ka ukana o kekahi mau mea o ka hoʻokele waiwai kulanakauhale, e like me ka luna burgomaster, ka mea i komo i loko o ka ōhumu, a me ka hana ana i nā mea a pau? Aaiuo eaa, ma ka mea, i loko o ke kālā no hua'ōlelo, ka mea, ua i ka Meia ka oihana a me nā mea a pau i ke kahu pomaikai. Na mea a pau loli a me ka holo ala hou ana o ka Moscow na'lii, unifying kulekele hahai aku la i kona mau aliʻi, hiki ole kiʻi a puni keia outpost o medieval liberties. Ma ka pau ana o keia keneturia Novgorod noho kauwa ole ana i paopaoʻia Ivan III, ka poe i makemake ole ia e i loko o ka moku'āina pakiko-kālai'āina huahelu, o ka hope Posadnitsa Marfa Boretskaya ua me ke anaina bele ia i Moscow, a mai keia wā i hoopau i ke kūlana o ka Meia.

New mōʻaukala realities

Like no ka mea na kulanakauhale e ae, he mau posadniki kohoia o ka Central Aupuni a me kekahi manaʻoi kū kaʻawale ma ka hana o ka mea i ole noho. i hana o ka Meia he nui loa, me ka nui, ua malamaia lakou ka mea, i loko o ka mua ka pomaikai o ka hōʻoia 'loaa ana o na auhau, i ka pā hale, a me ka luku ana o ka kūloko heluna, mahalo no ka kānāwai a me ka mea i loko o ka aina i haawi ia ia lakou, i ke kulanakauhale o ka malu a me kona hou. A i keia posadnik i kahiko Rusia. Naʻe, ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ka hana ana o keia makahiki, he loa ana i loko o ka mahalo o Novgorod a me ka aina, maopopo Pskov. Me ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i o ke kikowaena aupuni, i ka lāʻau kū i hoopau ma ka mokuna o Rusia, ma kona wahi i hele mai na luna a me na kiaaina.