'O nā ku'ikahi ke'ano ... Nā'ano a me nā hi'ohi'ona o ka hale

I ka nānā mua'ana, mana'o'ia ua ho'oholo mua ka'auhau'ānō i nā'auhau nui a'a'ohe pilikia e pili ana. Akā,'a'ole pēlā. Ua lohe paha'oe e pili ana i kahi pūnaewele pūnaewele e like me nā pūpū? Inā'a'ole, aia kā mākou'atikala no kāu.

Ka mo'olelo o ka'ike

Protists - he manaʻo i i hoʻolauna mua i loko o 'epekema Kelemānia naturalist Ernst Haeckel. Ua hana'ia ma ka makahiki 1886. I ia manawa, ka mea i mua iʻikeʻia a hiki i ka mau aupuni o ka maoli: mea kanu a me nā holoholona. 'O nā mea'enekema olaola'ē a'e a pau i pili i nā pale. Eia na'e,'a'ole i kūpa'a ka science. Ho'okumu nā Pūnaewele i nā hō'ailona hō'ailona hou, i ho'okumu'ia ka'auhau. A i ka makahiki 1969, ua wehewehe ke kanaka loea Hawai'i'o Robert Whittaker i nā'ōkuhi i kēia manawa. Ma ke ala, ua kapa'ia kēia'epekema ka mea kākau o nā "aupuni'elima". Ke pili nei kēia'ano ho'ohālike o nā mea ola a pau i kēia mau lā.

Nā kāko'o protista

'O nā mea āpau ke nānā aku i nā meaola a pau'ole i ho'ohālike'ia ke kino. 'A'ole pono'ole ka nui o nā pūnaewele i hana'ia. 'O ke'ano o nā holomua ke'ano i ka hiki'ana o kahi pu'upu'u. Ma waena o nā mea kanu, aia nā algae i kēia pū'ulu. Ho'okumu'ia nā'ōpili o ka pāpāho e nā mea momona a me nā mea like me nā'ano mushroom.

'O ke'ano o nā algae

E ho'omaka ana ka wehewehe'ana o nā hopena me nā mea kanu mua loa i'ike'ia ma ka honua, nā alalū. Aia i waena o lākou he mau 'elele lehulehu. 'O kēia ke aloha a me ka chlorella. Me ke'ano o ka kino holo'oko'a o ke kino i kahi pūnaewele ho'okahi, ua hana lākou i nā hana a pau o ke ola. 'O kēia hanu ma o ka pūpū, kahi me ka hae hae, ka pono autotrophic, ho'opuka'ia ma ka māhele'ana i ka hapalua a i'ole ka'ōwili. Nui nā'ano'oko'a o nā algae multicellular. I loko o ko lākou kino, ua ho'ohui mau'ia nā pūnaewele, akā,'a'ole lākou e hana i nā'i'o. Kūkulu'ia kēlā mau hale i ka, a i'ole paha.

Ho'opālā pāpāho

Aia kēia pū'ulu i nā mea hiki ke'ai wale i nā mea lā'au i hana'ia. 'O nā'ōpili o ka Hīkoi kūpalikō he mau waihona celular, ai'ole nā holoholona protozoan. 'Oiai ka inoa, ua pa'akikī loa ko lākou kūlana. Kekahi o ka loa e like me ka mea i ka simplest elele o Paramecium caudatum. E like me nā holoholona a pau, ua pani'ia ko lākou mau mea ho'olālā e kahi membrane plasma a me kahi hua'ōlelo e pili ana i kahi papa i ho'ohui'ia o ka cytoplasm. 'O nā huila kūikawā o kēia mau pale he mau mea li'ili'i a me ka li'ili'i. 'O ka hana mua e ho'opili ai i ka enzymatic o nā mea lā'au, a'o ka lua - ka ho'oponopono'ana i ka pēmole koi a me ka pa'akai pa'akai.

Ho'opi'i ka po'e Infusorian i ka hana pilina, kahi e kū ai i ke'ano o ka ho'ohui. Elua mau holoholona e hookokoke ana i kekahi me kekahi, ua hanaia kekahi alahaka cytoplasmic mawaena o lakou, e like me ka mea i hoololi ai ka niclei i ka ike o ka ike. 'O nā'ano o ke'ano heterotrophic he'ano like'ole ka'oihana. He nui nā cusorians, nā'eglen wale nō ka hae hae. Akā, Amoeba Proteus 'ano apau loa i ka hale paʻa' protrusions o cytoplasm, i ka poe i kaheaia pseudopodia, a pseudopodia.

Ho'opuka nā pū'anohu like pū

Ke'ano like kēia pū'ulu o nā ha'uki i nā mea maoli maoli. Eia kekahi la'ana, ke pani'ia nei ke kino o nā labyrinths e ka plasmodia ma'amau. A'o ka pā o ka hale o nā oomycetes he pa'akikī ko'iko'i. Eia kekahi, i ka wā o ka ho'oponopono hou'ana, ho'okumu lākou i nā zoospo pūnaewele. 'O kēia mau hō'ailona he'ano kūpono nō ia no ka hapalua o ka papa o hyphohytridia,'o ka hapanui o ia mau mea he palapoki pūpū o nā algae a me nā holoholona ho'okele.

Nā kūlana kūikawā

He mea ola nā'ōpiopio i nā hanana like'ole. 'O kēia mau mea kēia pūnaewele pūnaewele o nā mea'ano like'ole. Ho'ohui lākou me nā'ano like'ole o nā pūnaewele e pili pū ana, me kahi pūnaewele holo'oko'a. Ua ho'olako'ia nā luna o ka papa kauoha o chrysophytes me kahi hua'ōlelo kūikawā, i kapa'ia'o ka haptoneme. Aia nā microtubules i ho'opuni'ia e kahi auwai o ka retopulumal endoplasmic. 'O ka Dinophyte algae e hō'ike ana i ke'ano o ka pilina, nā chromosomes i loko o kahi'ano holo'oko'a.

He aha ka polyphilia?

I ka manawa pinepine, ua kapa'ia ka inoa'o ka hui polyphletic, a he taxon paha. 'O ke'ano o kēia mea,'o ia ka lā'au i'ike'ia e pili ana i nā'elele o nā pūnaewele pūnaewele i komo'ole i loko o kēia. No laila, e kapa i ka holoholona aupuni, a me ka līoho - a hiki i ke kanu aupuni. 'A'ole pili nā pili kālā o ka'auhau o nā manawa hou, no ka mea,'a'ohe ona kūpuna i ko lākou mau'elele. 'O nā hi'ohi'ona o ia mau po'e he mau koko koko-koko a i'ole ka huakiko autotrophic.

No laila, he mau'eleoukū'eukaryotic ka mea i hana'ole i nā'i'o maoli. Aia i waena o lākou he mau'ano like'ole a'ano like'ole, nā pū'oko'a auto a me nā kūkākūkā. I nā lālā o kēia mau lālā, ua ho'okomo'ia nā'ōku'u, nā kararehe protozoa a me nā'ano mea like me mushroom.