Heluna hawewe me ka evolutionary ololi. Kumu o ka heluna kanaka ale

I ka hana i loko o ka'ōewe wai auau o kula haʻahaʻaa aʻe EUIAaIN ke alapine (frequency) o kekahi nā'ōewe, i hiki aku ai i ka loli ma ka genotype a me ka phenotype i loko o ka heluna kanaka, a ua hooloihiia waiū i maoli koho kŰlń ao kona differentiation.

He aha ka microevolution

Microevolution - ka heluna hoʻololi ma lalo o ka aoao o ka evolutionary aʻe i ke alakai i ka loli ma ka'ōewe waiʻauʻau, a me ka helehelena o ka hou? Ueo.

Makaʻu evolution hiki ke kapaia kekahi keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me kaʻike manaʻo. Mawaena o lakou i ke i hoike ia mutations, hoʻokaʻawale, aaiaoe 'Aeʻa, heluna ale e hoʻololi i ka aaiaoe haku mele' ana.

Ke Ana o kekahi heluna kanaka ua mau hoʻololi. Ke kumu no keia mea kela ololi biotic a me ka abiotic ano. Oia ka heluna nui makahiki ma papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika. No laila, ma hope o ka mea ulu i loko o ka helu ana o na kanaka i loko o ka heluna kanaka o kona ka ho'ēmiʻana. I ka 1905 i kapaia o S. S. Chetverikov keia kumu heluna kanaka eʻe. Inā examples o ka heluna kanaka ale, ka mea, i ia fluctuations ma ka helu o nā luahi o ka Moana, ka'ūhini? Aneii a me ka 'Olu ma Australia. An hana hiki i malama like waihonaʻike lemmings ma ka Arctic a me ka maʻi ahulau, a ma ka hala i palapala ia maʻEulopa.

Ano o ka "ʻale o ke ola"

Mau ale e like me nā mea a pau e noho ana meaola. Ka mea hiki e recurrent a me ka 'ole-recurrent. Papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika pinepine mālama i loko o ka pōkole-noho meaola - nā mea kolo, makahiki mea kanu, e like me ka hapa nui o ke anakahi iki-meaola a me fungi. Ke simplest kumu paha e kau ma ka nui loa.

Nonperiodic kanaka hawewe hilinaʻi ma luna o kekahi me ka hui pu ana o kekahi mau luna 'aʻe. Nō kāu, aole lakou pū mai kekahi akā, kekahi mau 'ano o ka noho ana meaola i loko o nā kaiaola, a no ia mea, ke alakai i ka'ano'ē ka kūkuluʻana.

Mawaena o na hoʻololi i loko o ka helu ana o na kanaka i loko o ka heluna kanaka e e i kekahi koke helehelena o kekahi mauʻano o ka meaola i loko o hou wahi me lākou maoli poe enemi. I ke kumukuai o i haiia ae o kaʻoi loli i loko o ka helu o ka ole-cyclic, i hoʻohui i ka "catastrophes" ma kona ano maoli, a hiki hoike luku biogeocoenose a me ka panorama holoʻokoʻa. No ka laʻana, kekahi mau maloʻo ka luna hoʻomalu ke hoʻololi i ka nui ele ele - e hooholo i ka hanana o ke Louka kanu ma Swamp a me ka puu o ka maloo grasslands.

Inā 'oe ke koho i nā kumu no ka heluna ale, ia mea kumukuai hoomanao ole wale i ka pilina o ke ola meaola i kekahi i kekahi, a me ka? Aneie aʻe, akā, i ke kanaka keiki.

Evolutionary manaʻo nui o ke "ola nalu"

Ma na wahi o ka helu ana o kekahi heluna kanaka ua a loa hoemi, e ia wale he mau kanaka. Pela ka mea, i ke alapine (frequency) o nā'ōewe (alleles) mea okoa mai ka kekahi mea i loko o ka palapala heluna. Inā, ma hope o kaʻoi emi ma ka helu o ka heluna kanaka o kaʻoi ala, i ka hoʻomaka o ka hou outbreak o ka ulu ana o ka helu ana o na kanaka i loko o ka heluna kanaka i hāʻawi mai i ka uuku pūʻulu o ka meaola i koe. I mea no ke aha la ka mea hiki ke ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka heluna ka nalu e ka'ōewe waiʻauʻau, no ka mea, o ka genotype o ka pūʻulu e hoʻoholo i ka aaiaoe 'ole o ka heluna kanaka.

I ka Ia manawa kokoke ma ka ulia dramatically hoʻololi i o mutations i loko o ka heluna kanaka a me kā lākou lehulehu. No laila, kekahi o na mutations nalo loa, a anapu koke ulu kekahi. E helu mai, ua hiki ke olelo aku i ka heluna ale me he evolutionary ololi mea loa nui no, aka, pili koho mea he nui wale mai ana o evolutionary mea e hookomoia ana pohihihi keia mutations ma lalo o ka hana o ke koho.

Eia hou, e hiki i ka manawa e hooki i ka helu ana o mutations a genotypes i loko o nā abiotic a biotic 'ia i nāʻale o ke ola. I loko nō o kēia,ʻo ka hoʻohui o mutations kanaka nalu, a 'aʻole i pele evolutionary kaʻina. Mākou Pono hana ololi i loli ai i kekahi ala e hiki aku (keia mea, e laʻa me,'īpale).

'īpale kanawai ma ka heluna nui

Kēia ololi mea mākaukau nui i loko o evolutionary hua'ōlelo, no ka hoʻonāukiukiʻana mai o keʻano o ka hou hiʻona i ka hua'ōlelo o keʻano hoʻokahi me ka malama ole i hoʻomaka ai hybridization o kekahi mau laha 'ana i kekahi i kekahi. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ana o ka loa pinepine malama Geographic hoʻokaʻawale. Kona o Mānoa, ke moe ia ma ka oiaio i ka mea wale nō wahi, mai hemo mai, ia mea i hiki ole a paakiki i ke kuʻina o ke kanaka, mai wahi likeʻole.

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i loko o ka noho kaʻawale heluna accidentally ulu mutations, like me ka hopena o maoli wae, kona genotype ua lilo hou like. Eia hou kekahi, he mea i? Aneie hoʻokaʻawale a me keʻano o ka liluwelo maomeka e ālai 'kanaka o kekahi? Ueo interbreed. An hana hiki i kekahi mau koho like ai i ka wahi a me ka manawa o kela aoao, e like me ka pono me, no kekahi laʻana, kekahi mau hana 'ole kekahi' ole o ka wahine nā loko o nā holoholona, a i ka hou ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai i ka interbreeding.

E helu mai, ua hiki ke olelo aku i nāʻano o ka'īpale he hoʻonui i ke kahua o ka hou? Ueony, akā, i ka mea ia manawa kokua, e malama i ka aaiaoe 'ole o ka? Ueo.

aaiaoe 'Aeʻa

Random loli ma ka helu o nā'ōewe i loko o kekahi heluna o ka poe liilii, nui ke i ka nui hopena no ka mea, ke alakai i ka loli ma ka allele alapine (frequency). Random loli allele nä alapine kapaia aaiaoe 'Aeʻa. Kēia kaʻina He ole-directional ma ka ano. Ua Ua mua loaa e geneticist N. P. Dubininym a me D. D. Romashovym.

E hooiaio ai no ka manawa e aaiaoe 'Aeʻa ua C. Wright. He ma ka keʻena hoʻokolohua Drosophila kane a me ka wahine, ka poe i heterozygous no kekahi'ōewe. Mahope Ua loaa MOKUNA XXXIII me ka lehulehu o ka maʻamau a me ka mutant'ōewe, a ua 50%. Ma hope o kekahi mau hanauna, kekahi mau kanaka e homozygous no ka mea mutant'ōewe, kekahi i nalowale ia, a me kekahi hapa o na kanaka i na ka mutant, a me ka maʻamau'ōewe.

It E e kaulana i ke ahiahi, ma ka hoemi viability a mutant holoholona nae i ka aoao o maoli koho ka mutant allele hiki loa puku maʻamau,'ōlelo aʻela kekahi heluna kanaka eʻe.

Etiology heluna hawewe

O nā mea a pau i nā kumu i ke aloha ia i ka laupaʻi ano o ka heluna kanaka, ke alakaʻi o kulana e ku ma ka climatic keia, biotic aʻe i loko o keia hihia e häʻawi mai ai i ke kāʻei kua. Me ka haʻahaʻa helu o? Ueo lokomaikaʻi he kanaka i loko o ka heluna kanaka e kaukaʻi ma ka malie, i ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka papa, e like me ka pono me ia ma ke degere o ka mea hoʻohaumia.

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i na kumu o ka heluna kanaka ale e hooholo i ka loli ma ka heluna nui hilinaʻi nui ma luna o kona pa apŘ, a me ka ole, ka nānā' ana i kēia okoʻa no ka manawa.

Abiotic a anthropogenic aʻe pele mai i hilinaʻi ma luna o ka nuʻa o ka heluna kanaka. Biotic keiki pili kēia hilinaʻi nui ma luna o laila. It E e kaulana ia kenekoa hana, i loko o ka papa o ka evolution o ka loa ka hoʻokōʻano papa hana i kaʻuʻumi iho i ala i loko o ka helu ana o na kanaka i loko o ka heluna kanaka. Ke'ī mai, i ka ha awina o ka pili kanaka kaupalena 'ka lewa. Me ka ulu i loko o ka helu o ka ulu intraspecific Competition no ka waiwai a me ka pololei antagonism (i ka hoouka i na nā kānaka hoʻokūkū).

Heluna hawewe, ua hilinaʻi nui ma ke 'ano' pane i mea kiʻekiʻe ma ka heluna kanaka e wehewehe aku ma ka helehelena instinct o ka nuipa a Polenekia. Ua hiki no hoi kūkulu i ka stress naoh i loko a kanaka i ulu ia physiological hiʻona e ho'ēmi i fertility, a he hoʻonui i mahuahua ka palaho. Penei, wawahiia oogenesis a me ka spermatogenesis kaʻina, oi a oi hihia o miscarriages, emi ka helu ana o na kanaka i loko o ka hoʻokahi hanauna, a piʻi pū i puberty. Eia hou kekahi, hoemiia malama no kā lākou mau keiki instinct, hana loli - ulu aggressiveness, cannibalism hiki e malama a me ka lawa ponoʻole pane i ka mea e ku pono ke keka, a ultimately ho'ēmi i kā ka nui o ka heluna kanaka.

Hiʻona o ka heluna kanaka hoʻololi

He nui? Aneeo keʻano o ka hanaʻana pili me ka ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka heluna o areal a kūloko helu waihonaʻike kohu i ka nalu, a, i kaulana ma luna, e kapaia "ʻale o ke ola". A typical hoʻohālike i ke i oleloia koke ulu i loko o ka helu ana o insect pests i loko o ka kaupalena wahi o ka ululaau. Ma lalo o 'ano kūpono, na nā mea kolo e hiki ke hoʻopio aku i oi a me ka nui mokuna, i mea he typical kiʻi o ka mahuahua o ko lakou mau pa apŘ a hāʻawi' ana o ka ai-kapaia heluna kanaka nalu. Ike i ke ano o ka ka hoʻoneʻe ana o ka heluna kanaka a me kekahi mau hiʻona, e hiki eaaei e huli i ka māmā holo o ka propagation o ka nalu, a hiki e hooponopono ki ina hana like.

Like me, kekahi hiki i emi iho'ōkuʻu nalu, no laila, i kēia kumumanaʻo ana hoʻohana 'ia i emi iho i ka puunaue ana o maʻi likeʻole, a oia i ke kaʻina.

Eia hou kekahi, olelo ai e ke i o ka heluna kanaka aaiaoe nalu me ka i wehewehe mai i ka propagation o ka ua'ōewe ma luna o kona huahelu, i ninoaaeyao i haawiia mai heluna.

Keʻano papa hana o ka hana o ka heluna kanaka ale

Heluna nalu hiki ke wehewehe aku ma ka palapala kumu. Pela, i loko o ka paʻa pahu meaʻeleʻele a me ka 500 mea keʻokeʻo kala hookahi dala e hoʻopili like i ke alapine (frequency) o ke allele-P 0,50. Inā wehe i Random kala 10 a me ka lawe i ka eha o ia i kaʻeleʻele kala like 'ole, a me 6 - keʻokeʻo, a laila, me, ka allele alapine (frequency) e e 0,40 a 0,60.

Inā mākou e hoomahuahua i ka helu o ke kala i loko o 100 mau manawa me 400ʻeleʻele a me ka 600 keʻokeʻo, a laila, hou lawe i kekahi huikau ka 10, alaila, e hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha i kā lākou mau waihoʻoluʻu hiʻohiʻona e me ka nui loa okoa mai o ka palapala e, no ka laʻana 2ʻeleʻele a me 8 keʻokeʻo. Ma keia allele alapine (frequency) o niioaaonoaaiii P-0.20 a me P-0.80. Inā mākou e lawe i ke kolu o ka la ana, aia no he manawa kūpono i ka mea, e holo ana mai o 10 koho i ka 9 keʻokeʻo kala, ai ke ahiahi, e i nā mea a pau o ia i keʻokeʻo waihoʻoluʻu.

E like me ia i kēia hana e hoʻoponopono ai i ka huikau ka fluctuations o ke alapine (frequency) o alleles ma maoli populations, a hiki emi paha hoomahuahua i ka lehulehu o ka ua'ōewe.