Pau 'ana o ka unification o Lūkini aina a puni Moscow. Makahiki III, a o Ivan Basil III

I ka pau ana o ka XV, a me ka hoʻomaka o ka XVI kenekulia - ka palena ma waena o ka Middle Ages a me ka New manawa,ʻikeʻia me ka pakebona, ua i ka wā o ke kahua hope o ka hapa nui oʻEulopa'āina. Ma kēia kahua malaila mea, a me ka paʻa o ka unification o Lūkini aina a puni Moscow na'lii. I ka paʻa kanaka ka ola ana o ka inoa o kona initiators a me nā kauoha. O ua Kiure makualii Ivan Iii, ka mea i alii iho la oia mai ka 1462 ma ka 1505, a me kana keiki, Vasily III, ka mea i loko o ka mana mai ka 1505 a hiki i 1533.

Hiʻona centralization o Western 'Eulopa a me Rusia

Ia lakou e ike koke e kaulana ia ma Rusia, a ma ka Europa aina nui, no ka hoao ana mua hakina'āina i wahi ma kekahi mōʻaukala realities. Ma ke West, ka hanaia'na o centralized Hawaii, e hoʻoulu i ka ulu o ka mea-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a, ma ka huli, piʻi pū ma ka hoʻomaikaʻi huakūʻai-kala ana a me ka auoiaea o ka hoʻokele waiwai mai subsistence mahiʻai kokoke mōlina.

Ma Rusia, na mea a pau uaʻokoʻa. Mau kenekulia o Tartar auamo ka meheu o ka ulu ana o kona waiwai a me ka moʻomeheu, a me ka hopena o ka unification o Rus mai ai e ku e na feudal hoʻolālā o ka hoʻokele waiwai, a kanalua i mālama ai i ka keʻakeʻa nei a hiki i keia kaʻina. Eia hou, i ka mea i hanaia o ka centralized moku'āina ua hiki wale nō i loko o ka akau-komohana a me ka akau-hikina o ka aina, e like me ka hapanui o ka hema aina i he hapa o ka mua hapa o Kievan Rus, i pili i Hungary, Poland a me Lithuania.

Fragmentation - i ke kumu o ka hoʻopio aku i Lūkini aina

Oiaio, i ke kumu nui no ka naʻi aupuni Udelnaya Rusia Gula iā Goga i kona fragmentation, i hiki ke malama i ka laʻana o ka Vladimir na'lii, i puʻunaue ai ma hope o ka make ana o kona alii Prince Vsevolod iwaena o na hooilina, a laila, lilo iho la ia i mea pio oluolu no ka lanakila. A ua likeʻike manaʻo i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Rusia o ia wā hiki ke Hahai I na wahi a pau. He nui no ka Luna Nui Duchy, ma hope o kā lākou kaawale ana i loko o ka poe liilii, fiefdoms, lilo lākou mua mana, a ua lilo i ka hiki, e pale aku i ka enemi. Ua piha o na examples National mōʻaukala.

Naʻe, ka noiʻi manaoio i ke alo aku o ka a eia i hoʻoweliweli 'ia mai ke Gula iā Goga, a me ka hope kaawale khanate, a ana i wāwahi mai ia, a me nāʻano pākīkē kulekele o na hoa Western hōʻeleu i nui i ka pau' ana o ka unification o Lūkini aina a puni Moscow, ana ka mea e pōʻino. Nui o ka uku i like ai i kona manaʻo pii a hiki i ka noho aliʻi ma ka 1462, Ivan III.

Ka mea nāna i hana o ka hoʻokahi moku'āina

Hope e lilo ai i ka io kī aka ma Lūkini mōʻaukala, keia luna, la i ko lakou mau lima ma luna o ka lani kiekie loa, i ia manawa, ke aupuni, ka wā he iwakaluakumamalima wale no-nā makahiki. Ka hoaoʻana, a ma kahi lōʻihi-mau maka aku politician, oia ua i ka mua i loko o ke aupuni o ka mōʻaukala la ia mea e like me ka "Emperor o pau Rusia." Ua ua i kona noho alii ana i ka höʻailona o ko mākou mau-alai ae aito, a ma Moscow i kūkulu, a nei a hiki i kēia lā i ka pōhaku Kremlin.

Ivan III no, mare i ke kaikamahine o ka Byzantine Auguseto, wahahee ma ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo maʻamau o ke ola lushʻana,ʻaʻole i emi iki mahope i ka poe aponoia ma ka pā haleʻEulopa. Ua ua ma lalo o kona noho aliʻiʻana, i ka kahiko hua'ōlelo Russ i, eia ka e kaʻikena - Lūkini. He lawe mai i ka'ano'ē hoʻomalu mihi, a lilo ae la kekahi o na kākau o ka mea kaulana Sudebnik - he lākou o ka kanawai a me ka karaima kānāwai.

Code o na Kanawai o Ivan III

E like me keia, he nui loa e holumua ai no kona manawa, i hoʻokumu 'ia i ka palapala, me ka Boyar Duma i loko o ka Luna Duke. Kona 'elele i Kuhina hooponopono ana o ke kanaka wahi o ka lehulehu ke ola, a lilo iho la na luna i loko o ka shelves, a aliʻi kia'āina i loko o nā kūlanakauhale.

Aia i kekahi i ka HOU o kauoha - ke kikowaena ke aupuni, a i alai ai ia e ka pela kohoia alii ahaolelo, a me clerks clerks. Ma kua'āina mau mea, Hehe - parishes,'ōnaehana lawe mai ma ka ai-kapaia volostelyami - kālai'āina 'ole oia hoi o ka noa kanaka.

O Law hookupaaia ikaika e hooponopono oaio no ke alakaʻi o ka kūloko boyars a hoʻomōakaaka ka hiki hoopai ma ka hihia o ka non-kaʻaeʻana a me ka luna o ka kauoha. A helu o kona mau 'atikala e pili ana i ka hui ana o ka poʻe hao wale. Ma kahi o ka mea mua disparate hui aliʻi i hana mai i kekahi poe koa hoʻokahi. Ua koi 'ia Local gentry-konohiki, ina he pono, e i loaʻa i ka Luna Duke, a me kona mau lilo, e iai? oaiaaou i kekahi helu o ka hoemi ana i ka wawae a me ka luna o ka lio kauwa. Lākou helu kaukaʻi ma luna o ka loa o ka mea nana o ka waiwai.

E pili ana i ka Moscow mua kuokoa fiefdoms

Akamai a me kekahi manawa loa maalea politician, Ivan e hoʻokele, ae ho'āʻo ana hamama oukou paio ana, e lawe mai e pili ana i Moscow, e hikina'ākau o Rusia. Ua hoomaka i ka 1468, ka wā kekahi aliʻi o Yaroslavl, keʻikeʻia ka kiekie mana o Ivan, komo aku la i kona mea hōʻike.

Heʻehā makahiki ma hope mai o ka Great Perm hapa o kona na'lii. Rostov na'lii a ma ia manawa ua kuokoa wale hapalua - kuai lilo mai kekahi hapa o ka manawa o ka lua mua ia (ili) makua Ivan III, Moscow Prince Vasiliy Tomny. I ka 1474, ua hoomau, a me ka hopena, i hoWomo koe ?? eoi? A pau i ka i Rusia i ka hana.

ala ae la kekahi mau pilikia a me ka ka piʻiʻana o Tver, hoopuniia i mua o ka aina Moscow ma ke apo hookahi. Kona mau alii ahaolelo, a nei ho'āʻo e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana me Ivan, e paku ana kona Kuokoa, akā, i ke alo o kona mau aliʻi nui, ke hoʻokokoke mai a hiki i na pa o ke kulanakauhale, ua ai nāna i koi aku i kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi ia ka mea, ua wikiwiki e lawe i ka hoohiki o ka laulea.

Ka hope kaʻina me ka ka piʻiʻana ma ka 1489 Vyatskiye aina mea he nui lawaia wahi. Ka mea, hoʻolakoʻia ka pahu o ka nui nā waiwai, tsenivsheysya ma ka kūwaho hoʻi kuai - ka für.

E like me ka hopena o ka centralization o Lūkini kulekele, i kūpono hahai Ivan III no, ma ka hou a hiki i ka napoo ulu ana o kona waiwai, a me kou mana, a ua hoonuiia ka prestige o ka moku'āina. Kēia ka pilina i ka mea i loko o nā makahiki i kakahiaka nui, ma laila e hele mai i ka XVI kenekulia he nui helu o Lūkini luna, hele mai, mai ke komohana wahi o ka aina, akā, no kela kumu i ua hāʻule i loko o ka hana o ka Lituania na'lii, hoi aku la i kā lākou'āina.

Novgorod pōʻino

Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole a pau o kona kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka pau 'ana o ka unification o Lūkini aina a puni Moscow hiki ai smoothly. mea he laʻana o keia na hanana hana keaka i weheia a puni Novgorod, o kona noho ana mamua aku kuokoa Boyar Repubalika. Ma ka mea, i ka hopena o ka'ōnaehana mihi, i ka hoʻokō 'ia ma 1410, ua hooikaikaia mai la e ka mana o ke oligarchic aliʻi, a me ke kānāwai o Basil Dark mai 1456, i haawiia i ka kūloko alii kiekie loa Hookolokolo mana.

Makaʻu (a pono no laila,) i ka lilo i ka nui hapa o ka pono ma hope o Novgorod subordination i Moscow, alakaiia'ku na boyars, alai ae Posad wahine kāne make Marfoy Boretskoy, eʻimi i kōkua mai i ka Lituania Prince Casimir, iʻaelike ai e vassalage i loko o ka hihia o kona kākoʻo i loko o ke kaua me Ivan III. Ma muli o, ua lawe ke alii o Moscow drastic ana i ka hopena o ka i loko o 1471 hoʻoneʻe i ke kipi kulanakauhale 'amelika poe koa, i mai o nâ hui o nā mea a pau subordinated Moscow alii.

Ka nui i kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi, i 'ae' Ivan III i loko o ka pōkole kau e hōʻiliʻili ia he kilakila kaua o Novgorod ua, e hele aku ma lalo o ka mana o ka Hui luna, ma laila e hāʻawi ana ke kumu e hoopii ia no ka makemake e haawi aku i ka Orthodox manaoio i loko o ka "Lakina". Akä naÿe i Moscow o nāʻaʻa, ua houluulu loa nui, akā, untrained a me ka poorly koa militia kipi. Iloko o ke kaua hope loa, a i wahi ma Shelon o ka muliwai, ka mea i luku, a pepehi i ka holo.

Naʻe, hoʻowahāwahā i ka luku loa pio o Novgorod ua hiki ke negotiate me ka luna, a ma ka uku i ka hefty indemnity no kekahi manawa, e hoola i ke koena o ka mua kūʻokoʻa. Eia hoi, i hoohui ia Moscow ka Novgorod i ka 1478. A symbolic lima kolohe 'ana o ka deprivation o ka pono i ka pakiko-manao paa i ke kāʻili' ana i o ka Novgorod lākouʻaha kanaka bele, mai ka manawa mau loa aku i mālama 'ia e ia no ka hoʻoponopono' nuiʻikena nīnūnē.

Ma hope o hoolohe o Novgorod Prince o Moscow ua a hiki i ka naʻi aupuni o ka Tver na'lii i hoopaa mai ai mamua aku nei kuokoa. Eia, ma ka kekahi alanui e hai i ka ia moʻolelo me ka Novgorod. Tver aliʻi, me ka manaoio aku i ka mea hiki ole ke ku imua o ka oi koa o Moscow, hoopii i kōkua i ka mea ia Lituania na'lii me Novgorod, a me ka hopena ka mea, waiho wale aku no i ka hookahi hopena.

I a pau na makahiki hookahi kanaha-ekolu o kona noho alii ana, Ivan III alualu i ka hookahi pahuhopu - unification o disparate Lūkini aina. No keia mea, komo i ka aina mōʻaukala like "ÿauhau o Lūkini aina." He pio iho la na mea he nui kuokoa mamua, Grand Duchy.

Ka pau 'ana o ka Tartar auamo

Akā, i waena o nā mea a pau, kona papa, a kaulana e like me ka nui hanana like me ka pau ana o ka wā o ka Tartarʻauamo, a i ia e ka lanakila o ka poʻe hao wale o ka Moscow aliʻi ma luna o ka poʻe a pau o Ahmad Khan ma ka Ugra River i ka 1480. Ua Ua loaʻa mai ai ka nui o koa superiority like akamai i diplomacy, i kūpono i loko o Ivan III ua hiki ke hana i Ally o ka Crimean Khan, oia no he awaawa enemi o konaʻikena hoa paio, a ma ka mea ia manawa, e neutralize i ka hana o Ahmed Khan, he Ally, Lituania King. E like me ka hopena, hoʻomaopopo i ka hopelessness o ke kaua, me ka Tartars ua haʻalele ko lakou wahi, a hoʻi akula.

Hope o kona makua kāne hana o

I ka 1505 ka Moscow Kiure noho alii ke keiki a Ivan III, Vasily III, mai nā lā loa mua ma ka oihana hoao ana ia ia iho i ka hope o kona makua kāne hana o. E like me ka autocrat oiaio, alakai aku la oia i kaʻoʻoleʻa kulekele, i ka manao o ka a ua, e luku mai i ka kahiko oihana o ko na'lii, a me ka paʻa i Moscow no naʻe iā ia i ia manawa kuokoa ko na'lii, o Rus.

Fair, e olelo aku i ka kamāliʻi kāne'ōpiopio i emi iki mahope o ia i kona makua kāne,ʻaʻole hoʻi i loko o ka manao paa o kona mau hana,ʻaʻole hoʻi me ka hiki i ka loa maikaʻi loa, e koho no ia. Ma keia manao, he pono ole adherence i ka Moscow na'lii o Pskov, ka mea i a laila, hoi malalo o ko Lithuania. E hana i kēia, Basil i kona hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō i ke kumu ma ke kaua o ka Crimean Tatars.

He ua i devoid o ka maalea a me ka hoʻomaopop 'ana i ia i kona makua kāne. No ka laʻana, i ka 1509 Basil 3 kauoha e hele mai e halawai me ia, i Novgorod, Pskov 'elele tenements, like hoʻi me nā mea a pau ka poe a pau i hauʻoli me kona makemake, e lawe mai i ka Pskov ma lalo o Moscow ka mana. A pau i hiki ai ma kana olelo, oia hewa ia i ka nele o ka hilinai nui i loko ona, a me ka hapanui o ia mau mea i pepehi i ka make.

Board Basil 3 i hoopau ai i ke kulanakauhale mua o ke Kuokoa. Ma hope iho o ka hooko ana o ka townspeople elele o Pskov, ka hope i loko o kona mōʻaukala, i ka ahalunakanawai, i aponoia i ka hoʻoholo 'ana ma luna o ka unconditional hoʻokō ana o na koi a pau o ke aliʻi. Pskov Veche ka bele, e like me ka hana a kona hoa Novgorod, i pana aku la ia a paʻa wehe 'ia mai ke kulanakauhale aku.

I ka wā e hiki mai, e hoʻopale ai lakou ia lakou iho mai ka hiki kū'ē ma ka hoʻopili i ke kūlanakauhale i kona waiwai, i ke keiki alii hoʻokuke akula, mai ia ekolu haneri richest mauʻohana, a noho iho la ma ko lakou wahi i like ka nui o kaʻae nō hoʻi kupaʻa ia ia kanaka, mai nā wahi. Naʻe, i kēia manaʻo 'aʻole hui ole ia i ka ia, a me kona makua kāne Ivan III no, e kākau inoa i loko o ka manawa i ka waiwai kanaka o ka lanakila Novgorod. Ua hoopau ia ma Pskov Veche mua'ōnaehana, Basil 3 haawiia ka hooponopono ana o kona mau Kiaaina.

Hoʻoholumua i ka kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohuiʻia i ka aina

ʻEhā mau makahiki ma hope, ae noke e hahai mai i ka hoao ana o Rusia, Vasily III hui i kona na'lii o Smolensk, reconquered ia i ka 1514. Lithuanians. I ka hoomanao ana o keia hanana i ua immortalized e ka mea i hanaia i loko o Moscow Novodevichy halepule. Ua Ua ikaika akuʻoe hoolilo Smolensk Ikona o ka makuahine o ke Akua, ike like kupaianaha, a hoomana aku la me primordial pale mokuna o Rusia.

Ua hiki aku i ka hope loa pau 'ana o ka unification o Lūkini aina a puni Moscow ma hope o ka 1521 i loko o ka moku'āina komo i ka Ryazan na'lii. Ua i mua i kekahi kaukaʻi ma ka Moscow aliʻi, akā, mālama i kekahi kuokoa. Naʻe, ka mea, ua i ka huli ana o poʻe i noho ma Ryazan, a lilo i kanaka o Moscow.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE hoʻokele kino

Ma keia akoakoa ana o Lūkini aina ka mea i paʻa i loko o ka hookahi noho, a lilo ka nui ma Europa, a ua kahea mai laila Rusia. Akā, i kēia kaʻina wale hoopa iho la i wahi ma ka akau-hikina a me ka akau-komohana Rusia. E lawe mai ana i ka ia ma lalo o ka hoailonamoi o nā poʻokela o Moscow, e waiho ia ma ka hema-komohana nei, a mau ia ia ma lalo o ka mana o Hungary, Poland a me Lithuania, ka mea, ua i ka mea o ka wā e hiki mai.

Pau 'ana o ka unification o Lūkini aina a puni Moscow ninau aku i ka mea i hanaia o ka mea hana hiki ia oe, e hōʻike i centralized hooponopono ana o ka lānai hou hanaia moku'āina. Ka mea, lilo iho la ka Boyar Duma. I kona mua, a me ka poeikohoia o ka luna papa elua i ka manawa o ka boyars a me courtiers, akā, mai ka waena mai o ka XV kenekulia kona haku mele 'ana hou i nā aliʻi o ka i pili aina Moscow, Ua kupaʻa i ka mea Kiekie aliʻi. Boyar Duma Ua nele o ka ahaolelo, a loaʻa iā ia i ke ano o ka deliberative kino.

Iloko o ka noho alii ana o Basil 3 mau moku'āina keʻena ma lalo nei, waiho iho la i ke kumu i hanaʻia a laila mandative'ōnaehana i hookupaaiaʻi. O lakou ka ai-kapaia Palace, a me ka Waihona. Ka mua i ka hoolilo aina ana, no i ka Luna Duke, a ma ka hana ana o ka lua, he waiwai, Archive a me ka moku'āina sila.

E like me ka hapanui noiʻi, i ka pau 'ana o ka unification o Lūkini aina a puni Moscow Ua pili kēia loaʻa i ke aloha a hiki i ke kūlana hoʻokani ma ka Lūkini Orthodox Church ma ke kaʻina. Hōʻoi i kona waiwai i loko o ka hoʻoponopono ka manaʻo ke aupuni nīnūnē ka pilina i ka hana i loko o 1448 ma ka Kauhalenui noho aliʻi o Ryazan Kauhalenui Jonah. Mai ia manawa, i ka ekalesia ma Rusia loaa i ke kūlana o ka autocephalous, i mea kaawale, a kuokoa, mai nā kūloko ekalesia, a me ka hiki 'Imi ho ololi i ka na a me kuwaho o ka moku'āina.

Diplomacy hou 'ilikai

Muscovy o ka 16th kenekulia i i ua hana ma ka hoʻokuʻi pū o disparate mamua aina kuai he loa okoa kūlana ma ka mea o kuwaho. Inā mua ka mea, ua wale no ka mea ana me ka ali o ke Gula iā Goga a me ke kaupalena 'laulā o nā aliʻi, a laila, ma hope o hoomaka ae la i ka aina o ia ho i ka hui ana o ka Great Lūkini lāhui kanaka a me kona aliʻi, e ke kapaia mō'ī, ka mea, ua lawe like me ka maʻamau wahi maʻEulopa.

Russian diplomacy hele mai i ka loa okoaʻilikai. Ma hope o ka mea, Ua pau'āina ka hoʻohuiʻana o ka North-hikina Rusia, ma Moscow, na na elele i kahiko hoʻomaka e hele mai, e aa aku i ka hele i loko o ka Lūkini aouli ma Novgorod. Maoli ai, ua kena ae la kekahi pilikia, e like me ka mua i ka hana wale nō me ka feudal haku, i hooiaio i ka ia ka manaoio a me ka olelo i ka ia 'ōlelo. Ano, i ka ke kūkā 'ana e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka hiʻona o nā hoomana ana a me ka hana mea kuhikuhi nei, a ma hope ma ke aʻo' ōlelo a pau.

Na hana maikai la a na luna elua o Moscow Ivan III, e like me kana keiki a me ka hope Affairs Vasily III C. Brewer. Ma kā lākou mau palapala, palapala, hoouna aku la ma kahi e, ua mai kakauinoa i ka inoa "Prince o Moscow a pau Rusia." Keia ke ano i hoopili iho la ia Rusia a pau i ka monolith i hiki ke hoʻomau i ka pale aku i kekahi hōʻike.