Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: na makana i ka kālaimeaola. Pros a me ka hooluolu ana o Lamarck ka kumumanaʻo

Ka mua hulina pähola 'o ka evolution i manaoia e Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Na makana i biologists ma muli o ka manaʻo a me nā loina i ua ola i loko o ka 'epekema koʻikoʻi a hanohano o ka manawa. Ka loa nui o ia mau mea i ka manaʻo o scala naturae, e like me ka manaʻo e? Ueony ke oko a ma kekahi hana kūpono.

Scala naturae, «nui lei o ka i" hoʻi i Aristotle, a paha i ka mua wā. He He hierarchical Mea Maluna'ōnaehana, i ka lalo o ka a ma laila nō protozoa, a me ka luna - ka loa pilikia.

I ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i hoʻololi laha 'i loko o ka kakahiaka 19th kenekulia, akā, he pono ole - ka mea, e i lilo i ka Hopu Lamarck. No ka laʻana, Buffon, i kona mentor,ʻia maila kona mau manaʻo ma luna o ke kumuhana, naʻe loa vague ka mea, ua pau.

Way e kālaimeaola

Lamarck ua he kukū ala o ka 'epekema, lōʻihi manawa e lawelawe i loko o ke kaua, a no ka makahiki eha, ua aʻo lapaau, dissuaded mua hoahānau iā ia. He lilo i kekahi haumāna no ke alakai Palani naturalist Bernard de Ka Jussieu, hoʻomōhala ma botany, a ma ka makahiki 1978 paʻi i ka ekolu-buke ohi o ka Farani flora, a ua kilakila lawa ia,ʻo ka noonoo ana o ka Buffon, ka mea i lawe iā ia ma lalo o kona mau'ēheu, a hoʻopaʻa i ka wahi i loko o ka French Academy o Sciences a me ka Royal Botanic Gardens . Ma hope o ka PalaniʻOiʻenehana i ka makahiki 1793 o ka mahinaʻai i lilo iho i loko o ka National Museum o Natural History, kahi Lamarck i hoʻopiʻi iā Kumu o invertebrates (hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka mea, ua i kona hana kūikawā), i ka mea paʻa a me kona make ana.

Na hana maikai la a Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ka pähola 'ana o evolution ma kālaimeaola' aʻole e kaupalena. He nui o kona poe e piʻi like i lawe ia no ka haawi - i ka hua'ōlelo "kālaimeaola" o kona hana mea hou i hana muaʻole, e like me kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana waeʻano "vertebrates", "invertebrates", "insect", "kapa kila", "punawelewele", "echinoderms", "annelids".

Ua ho'ākāka ke ao ana o Jean-Baptiste Lamarck i ka ekolu paʻi puke. He lilo hoihoi i loko o ka evolution o ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i ka Museum o Natural History ohi o ka wāwahie a me ke kālā no mollusks Bruguière, i ka malama mua o ka oihana o invertebrate ho'āʻoʻia. Lamarck malama ia mea, e like, a ma ka hoʻokaʻuluaʻana i ko lakou haawi aku i ka manawa, hiki kumumea i ka pololei laina mai ka mea kahiko i ka mea Hou Loa Ke Ana Hoʻohālike. Ua kena ae uhi ia ka manao e haawi ai oia ia i ka puke ma ka 1801, "Research hui o ke kino ola."

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: na makana i ka kālaimeaola

Akā, me ka oiaio hoakaka o nā lāliʻi o ka evolutionʻikeʻia i loko o kona nui ka hana i ka 1809, "ke akeakamai o ka zoology". I ka 1815 i ka mua ka leo o ka puke "Ka Natural History o Invertebrates", i kekahi outlines ka manaʻo o Lamarck.

I ka manaʻo o ka "nui kaula" Ua lilo i ke kihi o Lamarckian. Akā,ʻo ia i hele hou aku ma mua o kona wā, ho'āʻo ana e hoapono ia konaʻano papa hana, a i lawe ia ia iho, no ka haawi. He? Aaeaaaaony i ka holoholona ola kikowaena kūkulu-i loko o ka hiki, he innate mea e like ai ka lilo nui eiiieaen, a makemake wehewehe i ke alo o ka mea maoli hierarchical Mea Maluna. Kēia hiki ole ke ia manaʻo like pii alapii, a like me ka neʻeʻana o ka escalator.

Akā, laila, he mea ka Classic creationist UAOAaIOIUE: ina mākou Hawaiʻi mai nā keko, no ke aha la e nā keko no nei? Ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana waiho i loko o ka mea ana Biogenesis - i ke kahua o ka hou ola i - ka hana a pau ka manawa. Ma na olelo e ae, he nui na escalators (kekahi no kela a me keia waeʻano o Life), kela mea keia mea o ka i i kahi ho omaka. People i ka mea kahiko meaola a me na ilo - ka Hou Loa.

Akā, he mea o ka lua o ka pilikia. Ke hierarchical Mea Maluna e like me "ilo, ka iʻa, kolo, manu, mammals, primates, ke kanaka," no ka mea hoike, o ka popoki, aole ia i hana. Ma keia pae ana o ka luna kiʻekiʻe e lilo he meaningless hoounauna, aʻaneʻi ma laila mea i ka hapa loa kaulana o ka Lamarckian: i ka'āina hoʻoili o ka lilo 'ano. Ke manaʻo He poe noonoo ole.

Giraffe ola i loko o Savannah me ka loloa laau. Kēia induces he "pono" i loko o ka giraffe, a me ka mea hoʻololi kā lākou hana, e hiki kiekie lala. E like me ka Lamarck, me ka hou ana o ka ai, e 'ai pono i loko o kona ulu ana no i ka māhuahua pele o ka "nui loli". Ka hou ana o ka ai o ka loaa ano, a me ka mea hiki ke pū i hiki i ka hua, i mea no ke aha la makou e kamailio e pili ana i'āina hoʻoili o ka lilo 'ano.

Ke kamailio Ua hoi oiaio: ina ua ole hoʻohana 'ia i ke kino, o ka wai e kahe ana ma ia mea uuku a me ka mea atrophies. No ka laʻana, ka mea, wehewehe ke kumu o ka poʻe e noho lā ma nā ana ma laila nō i maka.

Hooilina o ka lilo 'ano

Kekahi kumu - webbing ma waena o na manamana o na wai holoholona e like me na rana, kuhukukū, otters a me beavers. E au i ka holoholona he mea i pono, e pahu aku ai i ka wai e hele mai ana ma kaʻili lahilahi, kūpono ai i loko o ia loaʻa hou "nui loli", e like me kaʻu i manaʻo ai Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Na makana i ka kālaimeaola nä känaka 'epekema ka loaʻa o ka walaʻauʻana manaʻo o ka'āina hoʻoili o ka lilo' ano. i kēia i ka loaʻa mai o ka physiological ( "nui loli" Ua loa ua loaʻa). Ua ua he hoʻokahi wale nō naturalistic a me ka mechanistic hoomaopopo, a i ka manawa i huli mai e ia i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni. 'Aʻohe e pono no ke Akua, e like me ke poo o ke evolution. Ke manaʻo kekahi ua ma paʻewa me ka manaʻo e meaola hiki wale ke hoʻololi i ka kekahi alanui.

Pela, ma laila nō nā apau o Lamarckian rula. Ka mua o ka manaʻo o kekahi maoli, laina holomua ma ka pālākiō o ka pilikia. Naʻe, i ke ala a hiki i ke oo loa ana ka loa tortuous: meaola ke hakuloli i kaiakū rula, kūpono ma keʻano o ke ano a hiki i ka ia kiʻekiʻe o ka manaʻo pohihihi.

Ike i ka mea a kekahi Lamarckian hiki loi e loiloi i nā pros a me ka hooluolu ana o Jean-Baptiste Lamarck me he kanaka noiʻi me ka laekahi wahi o ka Hawaii.

Kekahi poe akeakamai o ka 'epekema e olelo aku i ka holo ana i nā pahu hopu'ākau, a me ka pono-i ho'ākāka' na ninau e i ka hapalua o ka 'epekema noiʻi. Ia mea i loko o kēia mau mea, a ua eo e Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: kona nā haʻawina, e 'epekema oia i ka nui, e hoike ana, ua maopopo i ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia eha o maoli moolelo i ka manawa:

1. No ke aha la wāwahie ano oko mai extant?
2. No ke aha la kekahi meaola i oi paʻakikī ma mua o na mea e ae?
3. No ke aha lā i loaʻa ia heʻano?
4. No ke aha la meaola i pono hakuloli i kā lākou 'ia ai?

Con Jean-Baptiste Lamarck moe i loko o ka mea ana i kona makau ole, e hoolako i kekahi pono wehewehe, albeit i ko lakou hewa. Kekahi i loko o kona wahi e ana ma ka like lākou o nā manaʻo, ma mua o kona ano maoli koho a mutations.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: ka pähola 'ana o ka wahaheʻe

Lamarck ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka wāwahie ano i okoa, no ka mea, e, like pii ka escalator evolution, UAIAaIN e nui eiiieaena. Ano, ua ike i ka wāwahie pepa no i wahi likeʻole o ka phylogeny, a no ia mea,ʻokoʻa.

Aia mea i keia mau mea i ka pālākiō o ka manaʻo pohihihi. Complex ano ana i loko o kekahi taxa like me ka hopena o ko lākou kūlana kūikawā. Ka loa typical laʻana o ka ka manaʻo pohihihi - multicellular - Ua kū hoʻokahi a me ka mea ole ka hopena A pau nā mea kū.

Likeʻole ma aʻole i nei iluna mai ka mākau alu Biogenesis. Na mea a pau kuhikuhi mai la lakou i ka mea wale nō kumu o ke ola. Ke ano o ka hopena o ka speciation.

Aia mea i mau mea e like me ka "nui loli". Meaola i hakuloli i kā lākou 'ia, e like me ka mea hele ma ka inexorable kaʻa palaoa maoli wae.

Ma maoli koho, e like me ka mea ua hoʻomaopopo i kēia lā, ka mea, ua laweʻia i loko o ka mooolelo o ka holoʻokoʻa heluna o giraffes me ka loli iki ana'ā'ī nui. Ka poe me ka'ā'ī hou ke hiki aku i ka lālā kiʻekiʻe o nā lāʻau, a pela ia e nānā i nui ai. Ua haawi ia aku ka mana a me ka lanakila ma nā'ōlelo, a ma o ka lōʻihi holo alakai i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka nui loa o ke keiki kakou nana. Inā mākou e lawe i ka aaiaoe kumu'ā'ī lōʻihi, a laila, loa paha, ka mea e e hanau i ka lōʻihi-ʻoʻoleʻa keiki ia no na hanauna he nui e puku i korotkosheee.

Ma Lamarckian giraffe pono a hiki i na laau kiekie ae, a me kona'ā'ī, ua kikoo, a me ka mea, ua i hiki ai i ke keiki kakou nana.

Ano, ke ahuwale fallacy o ka lua o ka pähola 'ana o ka nucleus, i i hanaia e Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Mau mea kōkua ma mutations - ke koe ma mua o ka rula

Na makana no ke nä känaka 'epekema - i ka manaʻo o ka holomua ma ka pālākiō o ka pilikia - no hoi i hookupaa iho la ia a hiki ma ka hakakino kiʻekiʻe. Motu Kimura, a Tomoko Ohta, Mamua Hoʻohaku i keia la a me ka okoloneytralnoy'ākilikai pähola 'o hakakino evolution ua hōʻike i mutations ma ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa e'ākilikai - ka mea, e mai i kekahi ole i ka adaptability o ka meaola. Ka lua o ka kumumanaʻo paa i na mea he nui o'ākilikai mutations e i ka like me ia mea, ua uuku ia e maoli kekahi '. Ke koena o na mutations i nā palapala, a me wale i ka uuku o ia mea nae maikaʻi kēia.

Inā loaʻa Ua ola me ka make laina ana i ka ike lea ana, a pau mutations ai ka waiwai, akā, ka mea, ua i kākoʻo 'ia e hoike.

Ke i mai, aole hoi i ka manaʻo o Lamarck i ole hookupaa iho la ia.

Panacea no ka theology

Ka manaʻo o "nui fluids" i ole he ākea, no laila Lamarckian evolution, aʻaʻa i ka wahi, e like me ka hana o ko Darwin ka "kumu o ka laha '" ua ole ai ke ao nei. Darwin hōʻike i ka ike maopopo o ka evolution. Aka hoi, ia i nele i ka hoomaopopo mai a pau i loko o maoli wae.

I ka manaʻo o ka ili loaa ano, i kona hoʻohanaʻo Darwin, ua lilo ia i mea synonymous me Lamarckism, e like me ka helu o nā theories i ae la i kū'ē i ka kūlohelohe koho. laila Lamarckism like me ka pau lanakila Darwin ka pähola 'ma ka' epekema koʻikoʻi a hanohano. Theology, a ka hapalua o ke kenekulia aku nei ikaika kū'ē Lamarckism, ua manawa maopopo maliuia mai ia wale no ka hana o ka "nui loli" hiki ke eaaei wahi i ka makakū akua, pono koona e ke hakuloli i ke kaiapuni, e huli mai, e e oi pono ma mua o ka "randomness" o maoli wae.

I ka 1900, i pepe ma ka rediscovery o aaiaoe mutation a me ka Hekikai o ke kumumanaʻo Lamarckism a me selectionism.

Militant Lamarckism Lysenko

Ma Rusia hoʻomohala i kekahi o ka eleele mokuna ma ka mōʻaukala o ka kālaimeaola a me ka 'epekema ma ka mau: Lysenko. Trofim Lysenko ua he mediocre haumāna me alahula mau pili aupuni keiki, i aku la ia ia e pii ana i ka luna o ka Soviet liluwelo science, a ma na 1930s lilo i ke poo o ka Academy o Mahiai Sciences. Here oia dictatorial ki ina hana like, e hoʻokō i kona manaʻo iho o ka evolution - "Michurin iaoia", heʻano o Lamarckism, a hahai aku la i geneticists kū'ē'ē 'oe i keia oihana. Michurinizm lilo i ka "hou kālaimeaola", a ua pono hoʻomākaukau no ka collectivization like e hui kālai'āina me ka pseudoscience. Me Lysenko Ua kauoha aku pau i ka 1964.

Epigenetics - ka hou Lamarckism?

Penei, he kumumanaʻo, he makemake i ka maoli koho, ka mea i paa. Naʻe, i ka 2013, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, nona na makana i ka kālaimeaola - Lamarckism - i hele pu ole, loaa ae nei i ka manawa i hoʻopulapula. A laila, i paʻi i ka hana, e like me a kaʻiole aʻo e makaʻu i ke ala o ka acetophenone i kēia hiki ua ili mai iā ia. New nä känaka 'epekema Magazine inoa e hooiaio ai Lamarckian'āina hoʻoili o ka lilo' ano. Naʻe, ka mea ia ua ka nānā 'ana ma luna o epigenetics - loli i loko o ka hana o nā'ōewe aho ma mua o nā nā'ōewe iho, i mea e ku i ka maoli wae. Penei, i ke ao ana o ka evolution Jean-Baptiste Lamarck i hou e rehabilitated.